Table 2.
Comparison of patients with HOMA above and below the median (mean ± SD, unless otherwise stated)
| Variable | HOMA below median (<6) | HOMA above median (>6) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 42.45 ± 14.37 (n = 30) | 43.45 ± 10.31 (n = 29) | 0.762 |
| Gender (% men) | 13.3 (n = 30) | 51.7 (n = 29) | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 42.79 ± 7.52 (n = 30) | 42.88 ± 6.53 (n = 29) | 0.850b |
| ALT (U/l) | 10.63 ± 4.73 (n = 30) | 15.50 ± 9.82 (n = 29) | 0.021 |
| AST (U/l) | 19.93 ± 7.17 (n = 30) | 24.34 ± 10.66 (n = 29) | 0.066 |
| Diabetes % | 20.0 | 39.3 | 0.107 |
| HOMA (score) | 4.46 ± 1.21 (n = 30) | 12.53 ± 9.13 (n = 29) | <0.001 |
| Serum markers | |||
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 7.22 ± 4.26 (n = 21) | 7.09 ± 2.57 (n = 21) | 0.905 |
| Resistin (ng/ml) | 10.44 ± 4.75 (n = 27) | 10.31 ± 5.86 (n = 24) | 0.930 |
| Adiponectin (ug/ml) | 5.91 ± 4.34 (n = 28) | 4.01 ± 2.30 (n = 24) | 0.060 |
| Total GIP (pg/ml) | 46.39 ± 36.90 (n = 23) | 37.10 ± 26.58 (n = 27) | 0.763b |
| Progranulin (ng/ml) | 53.75 ± 12.10 (n = 30) | 59.17 ± 17.42 (n = 29) | 0.172 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 146.23 ± 57.66 (n = 30) | 190.62 ± 85.99 (n = 29) | 0.025 |
| Insulin (mU/ml) | 22.27 ± 5.88 (n = 30) | 48.72 ± 31.63 (n = 29) | <0.001b |
| Bile acids (μM) | 3.17 ± 3.37 (n = 29) | 6.22 ± 5.84 (n = 29) | 0.003b |
| Visceral adipose tissue markers (AU)a | |||
| Metabolic markers | |||
| CIDEA | 11.15 ± 9.34 (n = 19) | 14.25 ± 16.26 (n = 16) | 0.485 |
| CIDEC | 3.26 ± 1.83 (n = 19) | 4.61 ± 2.57 (n = 16) | 0.081 |
| PLIN | 7.11 ± 5.10 (n = 19) | 7.68 ± 6.23 (n = 15) | 0.774 |
| Lipoprotein lipase | 1.56 ± 1.25 (n = 20) | 2.70 ± 2.88 (n = 16) | 0.239b |
| HSD1B11 | 45.28 ± 40.72 (n = 14) | 42.14 ± 45.10 (n = 15) | 0.846 |
| Sortilin | 29.83 ± 88.93 (n = 19) | 16.41 ± 13.56 (n = 17) | 0.222b |
| GIPR | 1.45 ± 1.18 (n = 19) | 1.88 ± 1.63 (n = 15) | 0.521b |
| Inflammatory markers (AU)a | |||
| PRGN | 22.92 ± 50.05 (n = 19) | 12.03 ± 15.70 (n = 17) | 0.692b |
| FKN | 2.67 ± 2.53 (n = 11) | 4.44 ± 2.80 (n = 9) | 0.156 |
| OPN | 8.79 ± 7.95 (n = 12) | 14.97 ± 16.26 (n = 12) | 0.254 |
| ADAM17 | 2.38 ± 1.26 (n = 20) | 4.30 ± 2.21 (n = 17) | 0.004 |
| TIMP3 | 11.52 ± 6.35 (n = 20) | 12.95 ± 7.85 (n = 17) | 0.545 |
| TNF-α | 3.18 ± 2.66 (n = 20) | 9.90 ± 12.65 (n = 16) | 0.004b |
| CCL2 | 22.73 ± 29.81 (n = 18) | 14.70 ± 13.54 (n = 13) | 0.689b |
| CCL8 | 12.76 ± 15.52 (n = 17) | 14.45 ± 12.31 (n = 13) | 0.187b |
| CCL20 | 13.64 ± 21.23 (n = 15) | 16.88 ± 22.26 (n = 10) | 0.717 |
| IL-1β | 2.74 ± 3.27 (n = 18) | 3.52 ± 2.30 (n = 11) | 0.498 |
| IL-6 | 63.81 ± 106.69 (n = 18) | 64.12 ± 75.05 (n = 16) | 0.629b |
Bold values mean significance of P < 0.05.
a
AU = arbitrary units: Expression of the various genes in visceral adipose tissue was assessed by qRT-PCR and normalized to expression of housekeeping gene RPLPO.
b
Calculated by the Mann–Whitney test (for all other variables, that had normal distribution, the independent samples t-test was performed).