Table 2.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of subjects with and without diabetic retinopathy (n = 292)
| Retinopathy |
No retinopathy |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 113 (39%) | N = 179 (61%) | ||
| Gender | |||
| Male | 34 | 50 | 0.6 |
| Female | 79 | 129 | |
| Ethnic group | |||
| Indian | 72 | 103 | 0.2 |
| African | 41 | 76 | |
| Age (years) | 60.6 ± 9.6 | 55.4 ± 12.9 | 0.005 |
| Duration diabetes (years) | 18.5 ± 8.8 | 11.9 ± 9.2 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking (%) | 58.1 | 41.9 | 0.046 |
| Insulin therapy (%) | 89 | 58 | 0.0001 |
| Anti-hypertensive therapy (%) | 96 | 80 | 0.0003 |
| Lipid-lowering therapy (%) | 70 | 56 | 0.023 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.6 ± 6.4 | 32.5 ± 6.3 | 0.2 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 136.7 ± 17.7 | 134.3 ± 17.03 | 0.2 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 72.3 ± 9.5 | 76.7 ± 10.0 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) [mmol/mol] | 9.2 ± 1.8 [77] | 8.8 ± 1.7 [73] | 0.049 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 106.3 ± 90.2 | 75.2 ± 33.5 | <0.0001 |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 38.5 | 61.5 | 0.001 |
| Proteinuria (%) | 71.9 | 28.1 | 0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.6 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 0.042 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.3 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 0.5 |