Table 2.
Comparison of glucose complexity, autocorrelation, glycemic variability, and glucose exposure measures among thirds of residual β-cell function as expressed by the liquid meal tolerance test-based disposition index
| Parameter | Thirds of liquid meal tolerance test-based disposition index |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (<230) | 2 (230–350) | 3 (>350) | p value | |
| Glucose complexity | ||||
| DFA exponent α1 (<1.5 h) | 1.85 ± 0.13 | 1.84 ± 0.11 | 1.76 ± 0.12 | 0.055 |
| DFA exponent α2 (>1.5 h) | 1.31 ± 0.13 | 1.20 ± 0.17† | 1.15 ± 0.13* | 0.007 |
| Autocorrelation function | ||||
| ACF exponent γ | 0.10 (0.06–0.22) | 0.13 (0.08–0.26) | 0.14 (0.11–0.22) | 0.14 |
| Glycemic variability | ||||
| MAGE (mmol/L) | 6.39 ± 1.81 | 4.48 ± 2.01† | 3.33 ± 1.21* | <0.001 |
| SD (mmol/L) | 2.40 ± 0.68 | 1.97 ± 0.95 | 1.32 ± 0.4* | <0.001 |
| Glucose exposure | ||||
| Mean glucose (mmol/L) | 13.3 (10.5–14.7) | 7.9 (7.2–9.6) | 6.6 (6.0–7.3)* | <0.001 |
| % time in range | 12.0 (3.7–42.3) | 86.0 (65.9–94.3)† | 94.8 (91.7–99.0)* | <0.001 |
Data are mean ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile) values. Disposition index categories are given in 1/mmol2 and were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Kruskal–Wallis one way analysis and Holm-Sidak or Dunn's test, where appropriate, for multiple comparisons: p < 0.05, * versus the other two categories and † versus the <230 disposition index category.
DFA: detrended fluctuation analysis; α1: short-range scaling exponent; α2: long-range scaling exponent; ACF: autocorrelation function; MAGE: mean amplitude of glycemic excursion; SD: total SD of all glucose values; % time in range: percentage time of glucose values in range 3.9–10.0 mmol/L.