Table 1.
Socio-demographic and disease-related characteristics of the study patients with differences in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) total scores (N = 385)
| Variable | Frequency (%) N = 385 |
Overall satisfaction score |
p-Value | EQ-5D index score |
p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median [interquartile range] | Mean ± SD | Median [interquartile range] | Mean ± SD | ||||
| Age category | |||||||
| <38 | 6 (1.6) | 70 [59–79] | 69 ± 11.9 | 0.791a | 0.82 [0.72–0.84] | 0.78 ± 0.10 | 0.001a |
| 38–47 | 52 (13.5) | 69 [61–75] | 64.5 ± 18.1 | 0.83 [0.58–1.00] | 0.74 ± 0.27 | ||
| 48–57 | 107 (27.8) | 69 [56–69] | 62.3 ± 18.3 | 0.81 [0.68–1.00] | 0.79 ± 0.19 | ||
| 58–67 | 115 (29.9) | 69 [53–69] | 61.7 ± 22.4 | 0.75 [0.60–0.85] | 0.70 ± 0.24 | ||
| 68–77 | 87 (22.6) | 69 [53–69] | 64.5 ± 16.0 | 0.64 [0.43–0.78] | 0.58 ± 0.26 | ||
| ≥78 | 18 (4.7) | 62 [46–76] | 60.2 ± 14.3 | 0.36 [0.27–0.71] | 0.47 ± 0.25 | ||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 173 (44.9) | 69 [54–69] | 64.4 ± 15.9 | 0.764b | 0.80 [0.62–0.88] | 0.73 ± 0.25 | 0.000b |
| Female | 212 (55.1) | 69 [53–76] | 61.8 ± 20.9 | 0.69 [0.58–0.85] | 0.67 ± 0.25 | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Non smoker | 284 (73.8) | 69 [53–76] | 63.2 ± 19.7 | 0.468a | 0.72 [0.59–0.85] | 0.68 ± 0.26 | 0.365a |
| Heavy | 8 (2.1) | 69 [54–69] | 66.3 ± 8.5 | 0.82 [0.54–0.89] | 0.76 ± 0.18 | ||
| Moderate | 56 (14.5) | 69 [53–69] | 61.1 ± 15.6 | 0.79 [0.65–0.97] | 0.75 ± 0.21 | ||
| Light | 37 (9.6) | 69 [58–69] | 63.1 ± 19.0 | 0.80 [0.61–0.94] | 0.75 ± 0.21 | ||
| BMI | |||||||
| Underweight | 4 (1.0) | 58 [18–92] | 55.9 ± 38.7 | 0.095a | 0.61 [0.35–0.94] | 0.63 ± 0.31 | 0.000a |
| Normal | 65 (16.9) | 69 [68–76] | 66.4 ± 15.8 | 0.69 [0.50–0.85] | 0.66 ± 0.26 | ||
| Overweight | 184 (47.8) | 69 [55–69] | 65.0 ± 15.1 | 0.80 [0.66–0.88] | 0.73 ± 0.25 | ||
| Obese | 132 (34.3) | 69 [53–75] | 58.5 ± 23.1 | 0.68 [0.54–0.83] | 0.66 ± 0.25 | ||
| Residency | |||||||
| Village | 174 (45.2) | 69 [53–76] | 62.1 ± 20.3 | 0.522a | 0.72 [0.60–0.86] | 0.69 ± 0.25 | 0.005a |
| City | 185 (48.0) | 69 [61–69] | 64.3 ± 17.0 | 0.79 [0.60–0.88] | 0.71 ± 0.26 | ||
| Palestinian Refugee camps | 26 (6.8) | 69 [43–71] | 58.0 ± 20.6 | 0.66 [0.45–0.80] | 0.60 ± 0.23 | ||
| Occupation | |||||||
| Employed | 105 (27.3) | 69 [53–75] | 63.4 ± 18 | 0.887b | 0.86 [0.80–1.00] | 0.82 ± 0.22 | 0.000b |
| Unemployed | 280 (72.7) | 69 [61–69] | 62.8 ± 19.2 | 0.68 [0.53–0.82] | 0.65 ± 0.25 | ||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 302 (78.4) | 69 (56–69) | 63.1 ± 19.3 | 0.433b | 0.80 [0.63–0.88] | 0.72 ± 0.24 | 0.000b |
| Single, divorced, widowed | 83 (21.6) | 69 (53–76) | 62.4 ± 17.2 | 0.64 [0.43–0.80] | 0.59 ± 0.25 | ||
| Income | |||||||
| Moderate to high | 156 (40.5) | 69 [61–76] | 59.7 ± 20.3 | 0.016b | 0.80 [0.64–0.88] | 0.74 ± 0.23 | 0.000b |
| Low | 229 (59.5) | 69 [49–69] | 65.1 ± 17.5 | 0.67 [0.50–0.82] | 0.63 ± 0.26 | ||
| Education | |||||||
| No formal | 85 (22.1) | 69 [53–69] | 62.0 ± 14.1 | 0.157a | 0.65 [0.37–0.73] | 0.58 ± 0.26 | 0.000a |
| Primary or secondary school | 235 (61.0) | 69 [54–76] | 63.1 ± 19.9 | 0.76 [0.59–0.85] | 0.70 ± 0.23 | ||
| University | 65 (16.9) | 69 [61–76] | 63.4 ± 20.5 | 0.85 [0.79–1.00] | 0.80 ± 0.24 | ||
| Duration of the disease (years) | |||||||
| <1 | 8 (2.1) | 69 [69–69] | 60.7 ± 24.5 | 0.718a | 0.87 [0.81–1.00] | 0.86 ± 0.17 | 0.098a |
| 1–3 | 64 (16.6) | 69 [54–76] | 59.8 ± 23.9 | 0.76 [0.63–0.86] | 0.73 ± 0.20 | ||
| 4–5 | 41 (10.6) | 69 [61–76] | 66.2 ± 14.8 | 0.82 [0.77–0.94] | 0.78 ± 0.23 | ||
| >5 | 272 (70.7) | 69 [53–69] | 63.2 ± 17.9 | 0.71 [0.54–0.85] | 0.67 ± 0.26 | ||
| Total number of comorbid diseases | |||||||
| 0 | 58 (15.1) | 69 [61–71] | 66.9 ± 11.3 | 0.502a | 0.88 [0.72–1.00] | 0.83 ± 0.18 | 0.000a |
| 1 | 100 (26.0) | 69 [60–69] | 65.1 ± 15.5 | 0.80 [0.66–0.85] | 0.73 ± 0.23 | ||
| 2 | 113 (29.4) | 69 [54–69] | 61.3 ± 22.6 | 0.77 [0.64–0.88] | 0.72 ± 0.24 | ||
| 3 | 71 (18.4) | 69 [53–69] | 59.0 ± 19.9 | 0.63 [0.50–0.81] | 0.63 ± 0.22 | ||
| ≥4 | 43 (11.2) | 69 [48–76] | 63.3 ± 20.6 | 0.59 [0.21–0.71] | 0.48 ± 0.30 | ||
| Therapy type | |||||||
| Mono Therapy | 154 (40.0) | 69 [54–71] | 64.6 ± 16.4 | 0.669b | 0.80 [0.59–0.88] | 0.69 ± 0.29 | 0.231b |
| Combination therapy | 231 (60.0) | 69 [53–69] | 61.8 ± 20.3 | 0.71 [0.60–0.85] | 0.69 ± 0.22 | ||
| Insulin use | |||||||
| Yes | 201 (52.2) | 69 [53–69] | 62.1 ± 17.0 | 0.020b | 0.73 [0.54–0.85] | 0.67 ± 0.27 | 0.037b |
| No | 184 (47.8) | 69 [61–75] | 63.8 ± 20.7 | 0.79 [0.63–0.87] | 0.73 ± 0.23 | ||
| Total number of diabetic drugs | |||||||
| 1 | 154 (40.0) | 69 [54–71] | 64.7 ± 16.4 | 0.010a | 0.80 [0.59–0.88] | 0.69 ± 0.29 | 0.377a |
| 2 | 211 (54.8) | 69 [53–69] | 61.2 ± 20.1 | 0.71 [0.66–0.85] | 0.70 ± 0.22 | ||
| 3 | 20 (5.2) | 76 [69–83] | 68.3 ± 21.7 | 0.73 [0.47–0.81] | 0.65 ± 0.25 | ||
| Total number of medications | |||||||
| 1–3 | 91 (23.6) | 69 [61–69] | 65.2 ± 12.1 | 0.900a | 0.85 [0.71–1.00] | 0.81 ± 0.20 | 0.000a |
| 4–6 | 211 (54.8) | 69 [53–69] | 62.6 ± 20.3 | 0.76 [0.59–0.85] | 0.68 ± 0.26 | ||
| ≥7 | 83 (21.6) | 69 [46–76] | 61.4 ± 20.8 | 0.64 [0.44–0.77] | 0.59 ± 0.23 | ||
BM = body mass index, EQ-5D = European Quality of Life scale, EQ-VAS = European Quality visual analogue scale, NIS = New Israeli Shekel.
a
Statistical significance of differences calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test.
b
Statistical significance of differences calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test.