Table 2.
Characteristics of the study sample by diabetes status and sex
| Males (n = 3144) |
Females (n = 3957) |
Total (n = 7101) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes (n = 224) |
No diabetes (n = 2920) |
P valuea | Diabetes (n = 242) |
No diabetes (n = 3715) |
P valuea | Diabetes (n = 466) |
No diabetes (n = 6635) |
P valuea | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 58.9 (12.7) | 47.5 (14.3) | 0.000 | 59.2 (12.1) | 47.8 (14.9) | 0.000 | 59.1 (12.5) | 47.6 (14.6) | 0.000 |
| Has high blood pressure, % (n) | 43.5% (92) | 16.3% (536) | 0.000 | 46.3% (127) | 19.6% (850) | 0.000 | 44.8% (219) | 18.0% (2808) | 0.000 |
| Female, % (n) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.7% (242) | 93.3% (3715) | 0.000 |
| Low education, % (n) | 54.8% (133) | 42.8% (1314) | 0.000 | 65.9% (169) | 44.8% (1801) | 0.000 | 59.9% (302) | 43.9% (3115) | 0.000 |
| Rural place of residence, % (n) | 43.3% (93) | 41.1% (1259) | 0.000 | 44.4% (106) | 37.0% (1459) | 0.000 | 43.8% (199) | 38.9% (2718) | 0.000 |
| Receives social assistance, % (n) | F | 6.4% (193) | 0.517 | 16.8% (31)E | 8.6% (332) | 0.000 | 11.1% (43)E | 7.6% (525) | 0.000 |
| Poor/Fair self perceived health, % (n) | 29.0% (63)E | 12.0% (398) | 0.000 | 30.8% (71) | 11.0% (445) | 0.000 | 29.8% (134) | 11.5% (843) | 0.000 |
| Body mass index (BMI), % (n) | |||||||||
| Normalb | 14.8% (44)E | 30.0% (882) | 0.000 | 20.3% (50) | 43.5% (176) | 0.000 | 17.3% (94) | 37.0% (2348) | 0.000 |
| Overweightc/Obesed | 85.2% (178) | 70.0% (2012) | 79.7% (176) | 56.5% (2080) | 82.7% (354) | 63.0% (4092) | |||
| Physical activity, % (n) | |||||||||
| Active/Moderately | 32.6% (67)E | 44.4% (1225) | 0.000 | 25.4% (64) | 35.8% (1331) | 0.000 | 29.2% (131) | 39.8% (2556) | 0.000 |
| Inactive | 67.4% (140) | 55.6% (1583) | 74.6% (176) | 64.2% (2352) | 70.8% (316) | 60.2% (3935) | |||
| Daily/Occasional smoker, % (n) | 13.3% (36)E | 28.5% (867) | 0.000 | 24.8% (52) | 25.6% (970) | 0.090 | 18.5% (88) | 27.0% (1837) | 0.000 |
| Regular/Occasional drinker, % (n) | 70.3% (157) | 85.2% (2438) | 0.000 | 52.8% (118) | 75.1% (2658) | 0.000 | 62.3% (275) | 79.9% (5096) | 0.000 |
| Life stress, % (n) | |||||||||
| Not stressful | 48.1% (117) | 43.6% (1361) | 0.000 | 35.4% (104) | 38.7% (1501) | 0.000 | 42.3% (221) | 41.0% (2862) | 0.000 |
| Stressful | 51.9% (106) | 56.4% (1554) | 64.6% (138) | 61.3% (2213) | 57.7% (244) | 59.0% (3767) | |||
| Marital status, % (n) | |||||||||
| Partnered | 83.5% (170) | 81.3% (2185) | 0.000 | 64.3% (129) | 73.8% (2474) | 0.000 | 74.7% (299) | 77.4% (4659) | 0.000 |
| Unpartnered | 16.5% (54)E | 18.7% (733) | 35.7% (113) | 26.2% (1241) | 25.3% (167) | 22.6% (1974) | |||
| Weak sense of belonging, % (n) | 20.0% (38)E | 20.1% (512) | 0.785 | 20.2% (48)E | 21.5% (727) | 0.006 | 20.1% (86) | 20.9% (1239) | 0.000 |
| Unemployed in the last 12 months, % (n) | 41.3% (90) | 21.6% (673) | 0.000 | 65.8% (148) | 35.8% (1324) | 0.000 | 53.0% (238) | 29.1% (1997) | 0.000 |
| Exposed to second hand smoke at home, % (n) | 12.8% (21)E | 20.5% (389) | 0.000 | 25.9% (31)E | 22.3% (526) | 0.000 | 18.4% (52)E | 21.5% (915) | 0.000 |
| Self perceived unmet health care needs, % (n) | 10.8% (24)E | 10.7% (306) | 0.763 | 11.0% (28)E | 13.0% (482) | 0.000 | 10.9% (52)E | 11.9% (788) | 0.000 |
| Has regular medical doctor, % (n) | 94.2% (206) | 82.3% (2248) | 0.000 | 96.3% (231) | 89.8% (3201) | 0.000 | 95.2% (437) | 86.2% (5449) | 0.000 |
Data with a coefficient of variation (CV) from 16.6% to 33.3% are identified as follows: (E) use with caution; Data with a coefficient of variation (CV) greater than 33.3% were suppressed due to extreme sampling variability and are identified as follows: (F) too unreliable to be published.
a
Significance level = 0.05.
b
BMI = 18.5–24.9.
c
BMI = 25.0–29.9.