Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for factors associated with diabetes
| Males |
Females |
Total |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Age | 1.07 (1.04–1.09)** | 1.07 (1.05–1.09)** | 1.07 (1.05–1.08)** |
| Sex | |||
| Male | – | – | 1.00 |
| Female | – | – | 0.68 (0.51–0.91)* |
| High blood pressure | |||
| Yes | 1.81 (1.15–2.85)** | 1.58 (1.03–2.42)* | 1.70 (1.24–2.34)** |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Education | |||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low | 0.99 (0.64–1.55) | 1.11 (0.71–1.73) | 1.04 (0.78–1.40) |
| Region | |||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rural | 0.94 (0.88–1.54) | 1.47 (1.01–2.15)* | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) |
| Social assistance | |||
| Yes | 0.80 (0.27–2.34) | 2.80 (1.52–5.15)** | 1.93 (1.15–3.23)* |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Self perceived health | |||
| Good/Very good/Excellent | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poor/Fair | 1.68 (0.92–3.07) | 2.06 (1.32–3.21)** | 1.80 (1.25–2.60)** |
| Body mass index (BMI) | |||
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight/Obese | 1.35 (1.06–1.72)* | 1.10 (0.98–1.22) | 1.17 (1.07–1.28)** |
| Physical activity | |||
| Active/Moderately active | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Inactive | 1.52 (0.98–2.37) | 1.12 (0.71–1.75) | 1.32 (0.95–1.81) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Non smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Daily/Occasional | 0.60 (0.33–1.08) | 1.12 (0.68–1.86) | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) |
| Drinking status | |||
| Former/Non drinker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Regular/Occasional | 0.53 (0.32–0.88)* | 0.71 (0.48–1.06) | 0.61 (0.44–0.85)** |
| Life stress | |||
| Not stressful | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Stressful | 1.08 (0.74–1.59) | 1.45 (1.01–2.10)* | 1.25 (0.96–1.67) |
| Marital status | |||
| Partnered | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unpartnered | 0.89 (0.55–1.44) | 0.97 (0.64–1.46) | 0.93 (0.68–1.26) |
| Sense of belonging | |||
| Strong | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Weak | 1.19 (0.72–1.98) | 0.97 (0.62–1.52) | 1.09 (0.78–1.52) |
| Employed in the last 12 months | |||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 0.75 (0.64–0.88)** | 0.77 (0.68–0.88)** | 0.76 (0.68–0.84)** |
| Exposed to second hand smoke | |||
| Yes | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Self-perceived unmet health care needs | |||
| Yes | 1.09 (0.54–2.21) | 0.88 (0.52–1.48) | 0.95 (0.61–1.46) |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Has a regular medical doctor | |||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 0.50 (0.25–0.99)** | 0.30 (0.11–0.83)* | 0.40 (0.24–0.67)** |
‘–’: odds ratios not calculated for these indicators; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.