Table 2.
CAARMS as Primary Outcome Measure
| Variable (min, max possible score) |
Baseline | Post-CBT | 3 Month follow-up |
Analysis (pre to post) |
Effect size§ |
Analysis (pre to follow-up) |
Effect size§ |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | df | p | F | df | p | |||
| CAARMS Glob. Tot. (0, 168) ‡ | 37.67 | 20.91 | 13.33 | 14.98 | 7.00 | 4.06 | 31.47 | 6 | 0.001 | 1.34 | 20.97 | 5.16 | 0.006 | 2.04 |
| CAARMS Freq. Tot.(0, 168) ‡ | 43.50 | 26.89 | 15.33 | 16.92 | 10.40 | 5.94 | 20.71 | 6 | 0.004 | 1.25 | 16.44 | 5.25 | 0.009 | 1.70 |
| SOFAS (1, 100) † | 48.50 | 3.67 | 60.83 | 6.64 | 74.00 | 5.48 | 58.67 | 6 | <0.001 | 2.30 | 116.26 | 1.78 | 0.013 | 5.49 |
| CAARMS Pos. Glob. (0, 24)‡ | 7.67 | 5.09 | 1.50 | 1.52 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 12.58 | 6 | 0.012 | 1.64 | 10.88 | 6.13 | 0.016 | 1.74 |
| CAARMS Pos. Freq. (0, 24) $ | 10.33 | 7.34 | 1.83 | 1.94 | 1.00 | 1.23 | 12.07 | 6 | 0.013 | 1.58 | 10.62 | 6.05 | 0.017 | 1.77 |
| CAARMS Neg. Glob. (0, 18) $ | 5.83 | 1.94 | 2.00 | 3.10 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 10.41 | 6 | 0.018 | 1.48 | 67.94 | 6.15 | <0.001 | 3.81 |
| CAARMS Neg. Freq. (0, 18) $ | 7.50 | 3.56 | 2.67 | 4.18 | 1.40 | 2.19 | 12.58 | 6 | 0.012 | 1.24 | 31.78 | 6.20 | 0.001 | 2.06 |
| CAARMS Gen. Glob. (0, 48) $ | 9.83 | 8.01 | 3.17 | 3.49 | 2.40 | 1.67 | 10.30 | 6 | 0.018 | 1.08 | 8.60 | 5.72 | 0.028 | 1.28 |
| CAARMS Gen. Freq. (0, 48)‡ | 12.17 | 11.34 | 3.33 | 2.58 | 4.40 | 3.65 | 6.52 | 6 | 0.043 | 1.07 | 6.34 | 5.55 | 0.049 | 0.92 |
| CAARMS Emot. Glob. (0, 18) ‡ | 3.67 | 2.73 | 1.33 | 1.21 | 0.60 | 0.89 | 3.81 | 6 | 0.099 | 1.11 | 9.85 | 6.13 | 0.020 | 1.51 |
| CAARMS Emot. Freq. (0, 18) ‡ | 1.67 | 1.86 | 1.17 | 2.04 | 0.40 | 0.89 | 0.20 | 6 | 0.672 | 0.26 | 8.50 | 5.66 | 0.029 | 0.87 |
| CAARMS Behav. Glob. (0, 24) ‡ | 6.17 | 6.18 | 3.00 | 5.90 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 6.83 | 6 | 0.040 | 0.52 | 6.64 | 5.13 | 0.048 | 1.11 |
| CAARMS Behav. Freq. (0, 24)‡ | 7.17 | 7.03 | 3.83 | 7.47 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 4.67 | 6 | 0.074 | 0.46 | 6.03 | 5.34 | 0.054 | 1.18 |
| CAARMS Cognitive Glob. (0, 24) ‡ | 2.17 | 1.84 | 1.83 | 1.33 | 1.40 | 0.55 | 1.20 | 6 | 0.315 | 0.21 | 1.20 | 5.07 | 0.323 | 0.57 |
| CAARMS Cognitive Freq. (0, 24) ‡ | 2.67 | 2.16 | 1.67 | 1.86 | 2.00 | 1.41 | 1.29 | 6 | 0.300 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 5.50 | 0.526 | 0.37 |
CAARMS motor/physical changes subscale was not included in the analysis due to lack of variation in scores as the majority of study participants showed no symptoms.
†
Increase in scores is improvement.
‡
Decrease in scores is improvement.
§
Cohen’s d = (Mpre-Mpost)/s.
Beh., behavioural changes; CAARMS, Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States; CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; df, degrees of freedom; Emot., emotional disturbance; F, F-test; Freq, frequency;
Gen., general psychopathology; Glob., global; Neg., negative; P, P-value; Pos., positive; SD, standard deviation; SOFAS, Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale; Tot., total.