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. 2017 Jun 26;2(3):229–240. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.02.004

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© 2017 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Presence of Apolipoprotein(a), Oxidation-Specific Epitopes, and Autotaxin in Grade 4 of Aortic Valve Disease

Sequential sections stained for alizarin red S and macrophages (CD68) (upper panel), apolipoprotein (a) (LPA4), and autotaxin (ATX) (middle panel), as well as oxidized phospholipids (EO6) and malondialdehyde epitopes (MDA2) (lower panel). Note the co-localization of the different antigens around and within heavily calcified areas (∗) as well as the lack of CD68 staining in this individual lesion (high variation of macrophages staining in aortic valve sclerosis). In all panels, the aortic side of the valve is at the top.