Table 2.
Estimates (γ) and Standard Errors (SE) from Multi-Level Models Predicting Fathers’ Reported Warmth with Youth, N = (740)
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| γ | SE | γ | SE | |
| Intercept | 3.64*** | .04 | 3.62*** | .04 |
| Father-youth warmth (T-1) | −.40*** | .03 | −.40*** | .03 |
| Age | −.03*** | .01 | −.03** | .01 |
| Birth order | .06* | .03 | .08** | .03 |
| Gender (female = 0, male = 1) | .03 | .02 | .04 | .02 |
| Sibling gender constellation | .10* | .05 | .10* | .05 |
| Sibship size | −.08** | .03 | −.08** | .03 |
| Differential affection (PDA; T-1) | .00 | .01 | .00 | .01 |
| Differential discipline (PDD; T-1) | .02** | .01 | .00 | .01 |
| Father-youth discrepancy in differential affection (DDA; T-1) | −.01 | .01 | −.05** | .02 |
| Father-youth discrepancy in differential discipline (DDD; T-1) | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | .02 |
| Birth order X PDA | .02 | .02 | ||
| Birth order X PDD | .06*** | .02 | ||
| Birth order X DDA | .08*** | .02 | ||
| Birth order X DDD | −.01 | .02 | ||
| PDA X DDA | .00 | .01 | ||
| PDD X DDD | −.02 | .01 | ||
*
p < .05.
**
p .01.
***
p < .001.
NOTE: T-1 signifies predictor variables measured in the year prior to the dependent variable. Controls that were not significant in any model were excluded from the tables: sibling age spacing and parents’ education. Two three-way interactions, birth order X PDA X DDA, and birth order X PDD X DDD, were tested in an additional step, but were not significant, and so they are omitted from this table.