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. 2017 Nov 10;8:1541. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01541

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Copyright © 2017 Antonucci, St. Gelais and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Innate immune sensing of HIV-1 DNA. HIV-1 undergoes uncoating through the interaction between viral capsid and host factors (31, 32). Reverse transcribed HIV-1 DNA, mainly abortive transcripts, activates cytosolic DNA sensors IFI16 and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) resulting in TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of hetero-or-homo dimers of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) and IRF7 and induction of type-I IFN response. Expression of ISGs allows for immune activation and the induction of an antiviral state of the cell. gRNA, HIV-1 genomic RNA; cDNA, complementary DNA; vRNA, viral RNA; dsDNA, double-stranded DNA; STING, stimulator of IFN genes; the letter P indicates phosphorylation.