Table 5.

Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of sources of each social support type individually used in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

Source of support	Univariate model		Multivariate model
	OR (95%CI)	p	OR (95%CI)	p
Source of emotional/informational support
Only family	1.00	<0.001	1.00	<0.001
Family and others	0.55 (0.43–0.70)		0.58 (0.44–0.77)
Lack of family (only from others)	1.31 (0.90–1.92)		1.08 (0.68–1.69)
None	1.03 (0.38–2.74)		0.77 (0.23–2.55)
Source of tangible support
Only family	1.00	<0.001	1.00	<0.01
Family and others	0.84 (0.65–1.09)		0.93 (0.70–1.24)
Lack of family (only from others)	2.34 (1.36–4.01)		2.78 (1.49–5.18)
None	2.07 (1.19–3.61)		2.04 (1.07–3.87)
Source of affectionate support
Only family	1.00	<0.001	1.00	<0.001
Family and others	0.99 (0.76–1.30)		0.97 (0.71–1.32)
Lack of family (only from others)	2.48 (1.61–3.84)		3.05 (1.87–4.97)
None	2.59 (1.72–3.88)		2.29 (1.44–3.65)
Source of positive social interaction
Only family	1.00	<0.001	1.00	<0.001
Family and others	0.92 (0.70–1.20)		0.87 (0.64–1.18)
Lack of family (only from others)	1.85 (1.30–2.62)		1.76 (1.19–2.62)
None	2.91 (1.78–4.75)		2.15 (1.19–3.88)

OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; p: p-value.

Others: partner, friends, medical staff, and others.

Odds ratios was calculated when using each source of social support one by one in the multivariate models.

Odds ratios were adjusted by sex, number of HIV-related symptoms, and duration from HIV diagnosis, number of household members, employment, and individual income all model.

Except for sources of social support, higher number of HIV-related symptoms, duration from HIV diagnosis (<1 year and 3–4 years vs. ≥5 years), and unemployment were associated with depression; higher number of household members and high individual income were protectively associated with depression in all models.