Table 1.
Clinical and Biological Characteristics Before Surgery and at the Indicated Years of Follow-Up
| Duration of Follow-Up | Baseline | 6 Months | 1 Year | 1.5 Years | 2 Years | 3 Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight and body composition | ||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 108.5 | 86.4 | 81.7 | 71.8 | 80.8 | 73.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 40.8 | 32.5 | 30.8 | 27.0 | 30.4 | 27.5 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 57.2 | 48.8 | 47.2 | 43.1 | 45.2 | — |
| Fat mass (kg) | 51.3 | 37.6 | 34.5 | 28.7 | 35.6 | — |
| Fat mass (% body weight) | 47.3 | 43.5 | 42.2 | 40.0 | 44.0 | — |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 526 | — | 407 | 297 | — | — |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 362 | — | 183 | 186 | — | — |
| Glucose homeostasis | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 9.8 | 7.1 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 234 | 144 | 118 | 124 | 172 | 148 |
| Fasting insulin (μUI/mL) | 73 | 34 | 20 | 21 | 28 | — |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL) | 9.9 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 6.1 | — |
| HOMA (%B) | 98 | 118 | 138 | 125 | 92 | — |
| HOMA (%S) | 10 | 20 | 27 | 27 | 18 | — |
| Matsuda index | 0.43 | 1.00 | 1.87 | 1.62 | — | — |
| Insulinogenic index | 0 | 0 | 0.24 | 0.27 | — | — |
| Resting energy expenditure | ||||||
| Measured value (kcal/24 h) | 1853 | 1145 | 1281 | — | — | — |
| Percentage predicted (%) | 114 | 78 | 93 | — | — | — |
| Activity (kcal/24 h) | 172 | 232 | — | — | — | — |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176 | 147 | 136 | 157 | 184 | 180 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 41 | 42 | 30 | 36 | 34 | 52 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 89 | 65 | 79 | 80 | 108 | 103 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 229 | 196 | 135 | 203 | 211 | 129 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
| Creatinine clearance (mL/min) | 43 | 68 | 79 | 82 | 68 | — |
| Liver volume (mL) | 3210 | 1967 | 1916 | 1467 | — | — |
| Liver density (HU) | 19 | 53 | 45 | 55 | — | — |
| Fibroscan (kPa) | 11.7 | 4.6 | 5.8 | — | — | — |
| GGT (U/L) | 89 | 44 | 69 | 38 | 34 | 43 |
| Clinical features | ||||||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 140 | 130 | 100 | 100 | 120 | 110 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 90 | 85 | 60 | 60 | 80 | 70 |
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; BW, body weight; GGT; Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA (%B), Homeostasis Model Assessment of beta cell function as percentage of a normal reference population; HOMA (%S), Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin sensitivity as percentage of a normal reference population; HU, Hounsfield units; kPa, kilopascal; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; U/L, units per liter.