Table 1.
SSB Consumption and Risk of MetS
| Author | Cohort/Location | Participants |
Average Follow-up Period | Range of SSB Intake/d | Elevated Risk Factors of MetS | P Value for Trends | Confounder Adjustment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Age (Mean/Range), y | Sex | |||||||
| Barrio-Lopez et al. (14) | SUN Project; Spain | 8157 | 36 | M and F | 6 y | 0–2.4 servings | BP; WC; TAG | BP (P < 0.001); WC (P < 0.001); TAG (P = 0.016) | Yes |
| Khosravi-Boroujeni et al. (15) | Iran | 1752 | 39.4 ± 14.2 (F); 41.6 ± 16.7 (M) | M and F | Cross-sectional study | <1/wk to >3/wk | DBP in females | P < 0.05 | Yes |
| Chan et al. (16) | Taiwan | 2727 | 12–16 | M and F | Cross-sectional study | 0/d; 1–500 mL/d and >500 mL/d | WC; TGs; SBP in males | Metabolic risk cluster (P-trend < 0.038); SBP males (P = 0.043) | Yes |
| Wang et al. (18) | QUALITY study, Canada | 633 | 8–10 | M and F | 8 y | Median SSB intake 146 mL/d | HOMA-IR; SBP; WC | In overweight children, HOMA-IR (increase) (P = 0.009); SBP (P = 0.001); in children with impaired glucose tolerance, SBP higher by (>1.4 mm Hg); WC (P < 0.001) | Yes |
| Hernandez-Cordero et al. (19) | Mexico | 240 | 18–45 | F | 9 mo | 418 ± 11 mL/d | No elevated risk factors observed | NA | No |
| Mattei et al. (20) | Costa Rica | 1872 | 49–70.3 | M and F | Cross-sectional study | None to ≥1 serving /d | WC; TGs; higher odds of MetS | WC (P ≤ 0.001); TGs (P ≤ 0.001); MetS (P = 0.009) | Yes |
| Denova-Gutierrez et al. (21) | Mexico | 8307 | 20–70 | M and F | Cross-sectional study | None to >2 servings/d | Prevalence of MetS higher in obese subjects; increased TGs; reduced HDL | 26.65 obese people had MetS; 0.49-mmol/L increase in TGs/additional SSB consumption; 0.39-mmol/l decrease in HDL/additional SSB consumption | Yes |
| Loh et al. (22) | Malaysia | 873 | 13 | M and F | Cross-sectional study | 110–190 mL/d | Elevated TGs; FBG; insulin; insulin resistance; low HDL-C | None were statistically significant | Yes |
| Dhingra et al. (17) | Framingham Offspring study; United States | 6039 | 46–66 | M and F | Cross-sectional study | <1 to ≥2 servings/d | Increased prevalence of MetS; obesity; WC; fasting glucose; blood pressure; TGs; HDL | Increased MetS (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.30–1.69); Obesity (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02–1.68); WC (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09–1.56); fasting glucose (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05–1.48); BP (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.96–1.44); TGs (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04–1.51); HDL (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06–1.64) | Yes |
| Duffey et al. (23) | CARDIA study; United States | 2774 | 25 ± 3.6 (at start) | M and F | 20 y | Average intake over 7 y | WC; TG; LDL; hypertension | WC (P < 0.001); TGs (P = 0.033); LDL (P = 0.018); hypertension (P = 0.023) | Yes |
| Ambrosini et al. (24) | Raine study; Australia | 1433 | 14 (at start) | M and F | 14 y | None to >1.3 servings/d | BMI; obesity risk; TGs; HDL | Girls consuming >1.3 servings/d had increased BMI and obesity risk (P-trend ≤ 0.001); girls and boys consuming >1.3 servings/d show increased TGs (P-trend ≤ 0.03); boys show reduced HDL (P-trend < 0.04) | |
| Ferreira- Pêgo et al. (25) | PREDIMED; Spain | 1868 | M: 55–80 F: 60–80 (at start) | M and F | <1 to >5/wk | Yes | |||
| Kang and Kim (35) | KoGES | 5797 | 40–69 | 10 y | <1 to >5/wk | BMI; fasting glucose; blood pressure; TGs; HDL | Females consuming >4 servings/wk showed increased BMI (P = 0.0095); systolic blood pressure (P = 0.0086); fasting glucose (P = 0.0150) | Yes | |
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CARDIA, coronary artery risk development in young adults; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; F, female; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance; KoGES, Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; M, male; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; QUALITY, Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SUN, Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra; TAG, triacylglycerol; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.