. 2017 Apr 26;1(7):861–873. doi: 10.1210/js.2016-1108

Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

	Men			Women
	Healthy	Ow/Ob	T2D	Healthy	Ow/Ob	T2D
n	29	11	31	22	20	21
Age (y)	53 ± 20	45 ± 18	54 ± 6	47 ± 24	56 ± 19	61 ± 10
BMI (kg/m²)^a^,^b^,^c	23.3 ± 2.3^d	32.2 ± 3.1^e	31.2 ± 4.0^e	22.3 ± 2.4^d	34.2 ± 4.8^e	34.4 ± 5.4^e
Waist (cm)^a^,^b^,^c	86 ± 8^d	109 ± 7^e	111 ± 12^e	74 ± 9^d	102 ± 12^e	110 ± 11^e
Waist/hip ratio^a^,^b	0.91 ± 0.06^d	0.99 ± 0.04^e	1.02 ± 0.06^e	0.78 ± 0.07^d	0.86 ± 0.08^e	0.94 ± 0.09^f
Body fat (%)^a^,^b^,^c	21.3 ± 7.7^d	33.7 ± 4.7^e	30.2 ± 4.8^e	30.9 ± 7.6^d	47.5 ± 4.8^e	46.8 ± 5.4^e
FFM (kg)^a^,^b	56.1 ± 6.0^d	66.5 ± 5.5^e	67.0 ± 8.9^e	39.1 ± 3.5^d	46.0 ± 6.6^e	47.2 ± 6.2^e
FFM index (kg/m²)^g^,^h	18.3 ± 1.1ⁱ	21.3 ± 1.6^j	21.6 ± 1.9^j	15.3 ± 1.1ⁱ	17.8 ± 1.7^j	18.1 ± 2.0^j
REE (kcal/d)^a^,^b	1552 ± 181^d	1916 ± 237^e	1832 ± 194^e	1270 ± 129^d	1506 ± 235^e	1580 ± 265^e
RQ^a^,^b^,^c	0.78 ± 0.05	0.83 ± 0.06	0.78 ± 0.05	0.80 ± 0.04^d	0.77 ± 0.04^d^,^e	0.76 ± 0.03^e
FFAs (µmol/L)^a	501 ± 186	491 ± 67	480 ± 154	744 ± 194	681 ± 174	798 ± 228
HOMA-IR^h	2.18 ± 0.64ⁱ	2.78 ± 1.02ⁱ	7.01 ± 2.45^j	1.98 ± 0.48ⁱ	3.70 ± 1.48^j	7.11 ± 3.45^k
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)^h	58 ± 15ⁱ	72 ± 27ⁱ	120 ± 40^j	53 ± 13ⁱ	95 ± 36^j	126 ± 59^j
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)^h	5.4 ± 0.4ⁱ	5.3 ± 0.3ⁱ	8.6 ± 2.1^j	5.1 ± 0.3ⁱ	5.4 ± 0.4^j	8.6 ± 2.3^k
Fasting glucagon (pmol/L)^g	20 ± 7ⁱ	28 ± 11^j	25 ± 10^j	21 ± 7	20 ± 5	18 ± 5
Clamp IR indexes
Glucose Rd (mg/kg FFM/min)^b	8.7 ± 2.4^d	6.1 ± 1.4^e	4.0 ± 0.9^f	9.1 ± 1.8^d	6.5 ± 1.6^e	4.9 ± 1.0^f
M/I index^b	12.5 ± 5.3^d	6.7 ± 3.1^e	1.8 ± 1.9^f	12.6 ± 4.0^d	6.1 ± 2.3^e	2.8 ± 3.0^f
Hepatic IR index^a^,^b	−4.6 ± 1.5^d	−3.7 ± 1.2^d^,^e	−3.5 ± 1.3^e	−5.6 ± 1.4^d	−4.3 ± 1.4^e	−4.2 ± 1.7^e

Data are means ± SD.

Abbreviation: REE, resting energy expenditure.

M/I index = Δ glucose Rd (mg/kg FFM/min)/clamp plasma insulin (pmol/L) × 1000.

Hepatic IR index = Δ glucose Ra (mg/kg FFM/min)/clamp plasma insulin (pmol/L) × 1000.

Analysis by two-factor ANOVA:

^{^a}

Sex effect.

^{^b}

Group effect.

^{^c}

Sex-by-group interaction, P < 0.05.

^{^d,e,f}

Within each sex, groups with different superscripts differ by post hoc Bonferroni test, P < 0.05.

^{^g}

Sex effect by Mann–Whitney U test, P < 0.05.

^{^h}

Group effect by Kruskal–Wallis test in both sexes.

^{^i,j,k}

Within each sex, groups with different superscripts differ by post hoc Mann–Whitney U test, P < 0.05.