Table 3.

Adjusted associations of Quran memorization with hypertension, diabetes, and depression in a sample of older men (age ≥ 55 years; n = 400) from Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

Quran memorization	N	Outcomes
		Hypertension (prevalence = 71%)	Diabetes (prevalence = 29%)	Depression (prevalence = 21.8%)
		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Unadjusted model
<0.5	85	Reference	Reference	Reference
0.5–1	122	1.06 (0.54, 2.08)	0.73 (0.41, 1.30)	1.21 (0.67, 2.21)
2–4	89	0.69 (0.35, 1.38)	0.52 (0.27, 0.99)	0.44 (0.21, 0.94)
5–9	50	0.51 (0.24, 1.11)	0.42 (0.19, 0.94)	0.20 (0.07, 0.64)
10–30	54	0.28 (0.14, 0.60)	0.26 (0.11, 0.62)	0.14 (0.04, 0.50)
		p trend < 0.0001	p trend < 0.0001	p trend < 0.0001
Adjusted modela
<0.5	85	Reference	Reference	Reference
0.5–1	122	1.19 (0.58, 2.41)	0.75 (0.40, 1.40)	1.51 (0.77, 2.95)
2–4	89	0.84 (0.40, 1.75)	0.49 (0.24, 0.99)	0.60 (0.27, 1.36)
5–9	50	0.57 (0.25, 1.30)	0.45 (0.19, 1.08)	0.34 (0.10, 1.10)
10–30	54	0.36 (0.16, 0.78)	0.29 (0.11, 0.73)	0.19 (0.05, 0.72)
		p trend = 0.001	p trend = 0.003	p trend < 0.0001

CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.

^aModels were adjusted for age, body mass index, employment status, eating habit, daily walking, smoking, and economic status.