Table 4.

Cefepime-induced neurotoxicity – a clinical picture

Risk factors	Signs and symptoms	EEG characteristics	Treatments
- Renal dysfunction - Critical illness - Altered BBB - Older age - Drug overdose	- Altered mental status - Reduced consciousness - Confusion - Myoclonus - Aphasia - Agitation - Seizures	- Abnormalities - Tri-phasic waves - Multi-focal sharp waves - Non-convulsive SE - Generalized slowing - Myoclonic SE	- Cefepime discontinuation - Cefepime-free interval w/dose reduction - Hemodialysis - Benzodiazepinea

EEG electroencephalography, BBB blood–brain barrier, SE status epilepticus

^aFor EEG abnormalities/seizure activity associated with toxicity