Table 6.

Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Elevated Depressive Symptoms Among Adults With Normoglycemia: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 7,713)^a

Variables	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Food insecurity (reference, food secure)
Mild food insecurity	1.9 (1.0–3.6)	1.4 (0.7–3.0)	1.3 (0.7–2.6)
Severe food insecurity	3.4 (2.1–5.5)	2.2 (1.2–3.9)	2.0 (1.0–3.9)
Sex (reference, male)
Female		1.0 (0.5–1.8)	0.9 (0.6–1.9)
Age (reference, 20–44 y)
45–64 y		1.9 (1.3–2.9)	1.8 (1.1–3.0)
65+ y		2.4 (1.4–4.1)	2.3 (1.3–4.1)
Race (reference, non-Hispanic white)
Non-Hispanic black		0.6 (0.3–1.2)	0.7 (0.4–1.3)
Mexican American		0.4 (0.2–0.9)	0.4 (0.1–1.1)
Other		1.0 (0.5–1.8)	1.0 (0.6–1.9)
Education (reference, college or more)
<High school		1.2 (0.5–3.0)	0.9 (0.3–2.4)
High school/GED		1.3 (0.5–3.2)	1.0 (0.4–2.5)
Some college/AA degree		2.1 (1.0–4.6)	1.7 (0.7–3.7)
Household income (reference, >250% FPL)
0%–130% FPL		3.9 (1.9–7.6)	3.0 (1.5–6.2)
>130%–250% FPL		3.1 (1.6–6.2)	2.7 (1.3–5.3)
Smoking status (reference, never)
Current			2.1 (1.3–3.4)
Former			1.3 (0.7–2.4)
Physical activity (reference, moderate/vigorous)
Light			1.7 (1.0–2.9)
C-statistic	0.59	0.73	0.74

^aThe outcome is elevated depressive symptoms as measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).

FPL, federal poverty level.