Table 3.

Outlined alternative treatment options in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Valrubicin

Gemcitabine

IFN-2α

Taxanes

Combination chemotherapeutics (e.g: doxorubicin-BCG, MMC-doxorubicin, cisplatin)

Keyhole limpet hyocyanin (KLH)

Mycobacterium phlei cell wall-nucleic acid complex (MCNA)

Mistletoe lectin (ML)

Apaziquone

Chemothermotherapy

Electromotive drug administration (EMDA)

Oncolytic viruses

Interferon α2b (IFN-α2b) producing adenoviruses

Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel)

Checkpoint inhibitors

Vaccines