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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 31.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Oct 31;70(18):2278–2289. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.028

Figure 4. Amplification cascades boost IL-1 actions implicated in atherothrombosis.

Figure 4

nterleukin-1 (IL-1) can induce its own gene expression in many cell types, including those implicated in atherosclerosis. This property provides a positive feedback amplification loop for boosting IL-1 levels at sites of inflammation. IL-1 also strongly augments the production of IL-6 by various cell types. IL-6 mediates the acute phase response through which the liver produces proteins that participate in host defenses, but that also augments thrombosis and inhibits fibrinolysis as explained in the text.