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. 2017 Nov 15;7:15611. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15961-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Autologous exosome uptake by CD4+ T cells, and its effects on reactivation of resting CD4+ T-cells from SIV-infected macaques. Confocal image analysis of exosome fusion to PBMCs, in which PBMCs were incubated by BODIPY TR-labeled plasma exosomes only (A, 20 μm), CD4+ T cell-derived exosomes in presence of IL-2 in media (B, 20 μm), CD4+ T cell-derived exosomes only (C, 20 μm), or exosomes which were isolated from supernatants of IL-2-activated CD4+ T cells (D, 20 μm; E, 5 μm); (F) Percentage of BODIPY TR positive CD4+ T cells that internalize BODIPY TR-labeled exosomes; (G) Activation of CD4+ T cells after exposure to exosomes. PBMC and plasma were isolated from SIV naïve animals, and further CD4+ T cells were isolated and cultured for exosome preparation. Effects of exosomes on viral transcription rate in resting CD4+ T cells (H) or monocytes (I) from chronically SIVmac251-infected macaques. Levels of cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA were measured after 24 hours. Significance determined by a Wilcoxon signed rank test. *P < 0.05. Error bars represent means ± SE.