Table 3.
Adjusteda Association of Mode of Delivery Separated by Unassisted and Assisted Vaginal Delivery with Psychological Well-Being in Hong Kong’s “Children of 1997” Birth Cohort (Multiple Imputation)
| Psychological Well-Being | Model 1a, b | Model 2a, c | Model 3a. d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assisted Vaginal Delivery | Cesarean | Assisted Vaginal Delivery | Cesarean | Assisted Vaginal Delivery | Cesarean | |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Rutter scores at ~7 years (n = 6,294) | ||||||
| Total | 0.03 (−0.38, 0.43) | −0.29 (−0.63, 0.05) | 0.08 (−0.34, 0.50) | −0.27 (−0.63, 0.10) | −0.12 (−0.55, 0.31) | −0.31 (−0.68, 0.07) |
| Conduct | −0.07 (−0.16, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.04) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.04) | −0.10 (−0.19, −0.003) | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.03) |
| Emotional | 0.09 (0.01, 0.18) | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | 0.05 (−0.04, 0.13) | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.05) | 0.003 (−0.09, 0.09) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.04) |
| Hyperactivity | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.05) | −0.13 (−0.22, −0.04) | 0.001 (−0.11, 0.11) | −0.08 (−0.18, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.08) | −0.09 (−0.19, 0.01) |
| Rutter scores at ~11 years (n = 5,598) | ||||||
| Total | −0.26 (−0.69, 0.17) | −0.20 (−0.57, 0.16) | −0.13 (−0.56, 0.31) | −0.07 (−0.47, 0.32) | −0.28 (−0.73, 0.17) | −0.11 (−0.52, 0.30) |
| Conduct | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.06) | −0.002 (−0.10, 0.09) | 0.004 (−0.08, 0.09) | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.06) | 0.001 (−0.09, 0.09) |
| Emotional | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.12) | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.14) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.09) | −0.002 (−0.09, 0.08) | −0.03 (−0.13, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.08) |
| Hyperactivity | −0.14 (−0.24, −0.03) | −0.12 (−0.22, −0.03) | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.05) | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.06) | −0.08 (−0.19, 0.04) | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.05) |
| Self-esteem scores (n = 6,937) | ||||||
| Overall | 1.42 (0.93, 1.90) | 0.87 (0.45, 1.28) | 0.51 (0.02, 1.00) | −0.10 (−0.53, 0.34) | 0.29 (−0.21, 0.80) | −0.27 (−0.73, 0.18) |
| General | 0.57 (0.35, 0.80) | 0.32 (0.13, 0.51) | 0.24 (0.01, 0.47) | −0.04 (−0.24, 0.16) | 0.15 (−0.09, 0.38) | −0.11 (−0.32, 0.11) |
| Social | 0.17 (0.05, 0.29) | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.16) | −0.002 (−0.13, 0.12) | −0.13 (−0.24, −0.02) | −0.002 (−0.13, 0.13) | −0.12 (−0.24, −0.004) |
| Academic | 0.39 (0.26, 0.52) | 0.29 (0.18, 0.40) | 0.19 (0.06, 0.32) | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.20) | 0.11 (−0.02, 0.25) | 0.01 (−0.11, 0.13) |
| Parent-related | 0.28 (0.15, 0.41) | 0.20 (0.09, 0.31) | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.21) | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.10) | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.18) | −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) |
| Depressive symptoms (n = 5,797) | ||||||
| PHQ-9 scores | −0.26 (−0.50, −0.02) | −0.11 (−0.31, 0.09) | −0.15 (−0.40, 0.09) | 0.04 (−0.17, 0.26) | −0.09 (−0.34, 0.16) | 0.13 (−0.10, 0.35) |
Abbreviation: HK, Hong Kong; CI, confidence interval
aReference group: Unassisted vaginal delivery.
bAdjusted for sex, age at assessment and survey mode (PHQ-9 scores).
cAdditionally adjusted for highest parental education, parental occupation, household income per head, mother’s birthplace and birth hospital.
dAdditionally adjusted for birthweight, gestational age, parity, maternal age, maternal BMI, gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.