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. 2017 Nov 1;3(4):e83. doi: 10.2196/publichealth.7344

Table 1.

Bias in epidemic metrics under low transmission rate.

Metric Nonresponse bias (V-S) Sample-size bias (S-S') Total bias (V-S')
Attack rate



Mean difference, % 7.90 2.13 10.03

95% CI 7.88 to 7.91 1.58 to 2.68 9.47 to 10.58

P value <.001 <.001 <.001
Peak infection rate



Mean difference, % 1.22 0.14 1.36

95% CI 1.22 to 1.22 0.05 to 0.23 1.27 to 1.45

P value <.001 .003 <.001
Time to peak



Mean difference, days –1.76 0.76 –1

95% CI –1.96 to –1.56 0.16 to 1.36 –1.58 to –0.42

P value <.001 .02 .002