Table 1.

Ethnobotanical information of medicinal plants from Mexico and Central America considered as toxic.

Family	Scientific name	Common name in Spanish	Medicinal use	Signs of toxicity [plant part]	Reference
Amaranthaceae	Amaranthus spinosus L.∗∗	Quelite de Puerco	Rheumatism, diuretic, wound healing	Nephrotoxicity [whole plant]	[5]
	Chenopodium ambrosioides L.∗∗	Epazote	Vermifuge, vomit	Nephrotoxicity abortifacient, hepatotoxicity [whole plant]	[6]
Amaryllidaceae	Allium glandulosum Link & Otto	Cebolla de monte	Cough, flu, tuberculosis	Numbness, nausea, and vomiting [bulb]	[7]
Anacardiaceae	Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb.	Chechém negro	Antiviral, Rheumatism	Skin burns [latex from leaves]	[8]
	Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze	Hiedra venenosa	Headache, rheumatism	Dermatitis [latex]	[9]
Annonaceae	Annona cherimola Mill.∗∗	Chirimoya	Diarrhea, dysentery	Abortifacient [aerial parts, fruits]	[10]
Apiaceae	Conium maculatum L.∗∗	Cicuta	Body pain	Hypertension and sweating [whole plant]	[11]
Apocynaceae	Asclepias curassavica L.	Rompemuelas	Vermifuge, cancer, wound healing, diuretic	Nausea and vomiting, muscle paralysis [whole plant]	[12]
	Asclepias linaria Cav.	Algodoncillo	Cough, fever, purgative, diuretic	Muscle paralysis [leaves]	[13]
	Asclepias mexicana Cav.	Venenillo cimarrón	Warts	Numbness [leaves]	[12]
	Asclepias oenotheroides Schltdl. & Cham	Hierba lechosa	Tooth ache	Numbness, nausea, and vomiting [leaves]	[5]
	Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) Vail	Hierba lechosa	Snake bite	Severe diarrhea [leaves]	[5]
	Plumeria rubra L.∗∗	Zacalazúchil	Stomachache, toothache	Dermatitis [latex]	[14]
	Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.∗∗	Cinco negritos	Wound healing, rheumatism	Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, hypertension, depression [aerial parts]	[15]
	Thevetia ahouai (L.) A. DC.	Bola de venado	Toothache, headache	Cardiotoxicity [fruits and seeds]	[8]
	Thevetia gaumeri Hemsl.	Campanilla	Toothache, cancer	Tooth loss [leaves, latex]	[16]
	Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.∗∗	Troncomin	Stomachache	Cardiotoxicity [leaves]	[17]
	Thevetia thevetioides (Kunth) K. Schum	Yoyote	Warts, analgesic	Cardiotoxicity [whole plant]	[18]
Aquifoliaceae	Ilex opaca Aiton	American holly	Digestive	Cardiotoxicity and vomiting [fruits]	[19]
Araceae	Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott	Kiilbal chaak	Warts	Dermatitis [sap]	[8]
	Anthurium pentaphyllum (Aubl.) G. Don	Hoja de reumatismo de bejuco	Rheumatism	Dermatitis [aerial parts]	[8]
	Anthurium schlechtendalii Kunth	Hoja de piedra	Hemorrhage postpartum	Dermatitis [aerial parts]	[8]
	Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.∗∗	Heart of Jesus	Antiseptic	Dermatitis, diarrhea [aerial parts]	[4]
	Monstera deliciosa Liebm.∗∗	Cerimán	Flu, rheumatism	Dysphagia [aerial parts]	[20]
Aristolochiaceae	Aristolochia foetida Kunth	Guaco	Snake bite, headache	Hepatotoxicity [whole plant]	[21]
	Aristolochia grandiflora Sw.	Flor de pato	Stomachache, snake bite	Abdominal pain, gastritis [roots]	[15]
	Aristolochia odoratissima L.	Guaco	Diarrhea, stomachache, belly cramps	Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity [roots]	[22]
	Aristolochia pentandra Jacq	Camotillo guaco	Fever, diarrhea	Nephrotoxicity [roots]	[22]
	Aristolochia reticulata Nutt.	Texas dutchman's pipe	Digestive	Nephrotoxicity [roots]	[19]
	Aristolochia serpentaria L.	Virginia snakeroot	Digestive, diuretic	Nephrotoxicity [roots]	[19]
Asparagaceae	Yucca filifera Chabaud	Palma	Cough	Nausea and vomiting [aerial parts]	[14]
Asteraceae	Acmella repens (Walter) Rich.	Yerba de San Pedro	Malaria	Hallucinations [aerial parts]	[23]
	Ambrosia confertiflora DC.	Amargosa	Diarrhea, vomiting	Gastritis [whole plant]	[13]
	Ambrosia peruviana Willd.∗∗	Altamisa	Rheumatism, pain, fever	Neurotoxicity [whole plant]	[24]
	Ambrosia psilostachya DC.	Estafiate	Stomachache	Nausea and vomiting [whole plant]	[25]
	Artemisia ludoviciana subsp. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) D.D. Keck	Estafiate	Vermifuge, fever	Numbness, carcinogenic [aerial parts]	[14]
	Barkleyanthus salicifolius (Kunth) H. Rob. & Brettell	Jaral Amarillo	Fever, diuretic, rheumatism	Hepatotoxicity [whole plant]	[14]
	Conyza filaginoides (DC.) Hieron.	Simonillo	Stomachache, diabetes, anxiolytic	Nausea and vomiting [whole plant]	[7]
	Eupatorium odoratum L.	Rama de la cruz	Wound healing, anti-inflammatory	Nausea and vomiting [whole plant]	[5]
	Flourensia cernua DC.∗∗	Hojasén	Stomachache, diarrhea	Hepatotoxicity [leaves]	[13]
	Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng.) Less.∗∗	Tatalencho	Diuretic, rheumatism, analgesic	Sleepiness, muscle paralysis [seeds, leaves]	[5]
	Haplopappus gymnocephalus DC.	Arnica morada	Body pain, hemorrhoids	Gastritis [aerial parts]	[14]
	Helenium mexicanum Kunth	Cabezona	Flu	Gastritis and vomiting [flowers]	[15]
	Heliopsis longipes (A. Gray) S.F. Blake∗∗	Chilcuague	Analgesic	Narcotic [roots]	[26]
	Montanoa tomentosa Cerv.	Zoapatle	Rheumatism, cough, menstrual colic	Abortifacient, respiratory failure [aerial parts]	[27]
	Packera aurea (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve	Life root	Amenorrhea, menopause and leucorrhea.	Hepatotoxicity [aerial parts]	[19]
	Packera candidissima (Greene) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve	Chuca	Cough	Hepatotoxicity [aerial parts]	[28]
	Parthenium hysterophorus L.∗∗	Escoba amarga	Stomachache, headache	Hypotensive, bradycardia [whole plant]	[29]
	Parthenium incanum Kunth	Mariola	Stomachache, diarrhea	Nausea and vomiting [whole plant]	[13]
	Psacalium decompositum (A. Gray) H. Rob. & Brettell	Matarique	Diabetes, rheumatism	Neurotoxicity [roots]	[30]
	Tagetes erecta L.∗∗	Flor de muerto (cempaxochitl)	Diarrhea, vermifuge, diabetes, rheumatism	Gastritis [flowers]	[31]
	Tagetes lucida Cav∗∗	Pericón	Stomachache, diarrhea, vomit	Abortifacient [whole plant]	[32]
	Zinnia peruviana (L.) L.∗∗	Mal de ojo	Stomachache, diarrhea	Eye irritant	[14]
Berberidaceae	Berberis moranensis Schult. & Schult. f.	Palo amarillo	Rheumatism	Numbness, nausea, and vomiting [aerial parts]	[33]
	Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.∗∗	Blue cohosh	Dysmenorrhea, rheumatism	Nausea and vomiting, gastritis [seeds and roots]	[11]
	Podophyllum peltatum L.∗∗	Mayapple	Genital warts	Altered mental states, tachypnea, peripheral neuropathy, nausea and vomiting, hypotension, and fever [whole plant]	[19]
Bignoniaceae	Crescentia alata Kunth	Cuatecomate	Cough, asthma	Vomiting, abdominal pain [fruit]	[21]
	Crescentia cujete L.∗∗	Güiro	Cough, tuberculosis	Abortifacient, severe diarrhea [fruits]	[18]
Boraginaceae	Cordia dentata Poir.∗∗	Uvita	Cough	Severe diarrhea [fruits]	[8]
	Heliotropium curassavicum L.	Alacrancillo	Asthma, anemia, snake bite	Hepatitis [whole plant]	[11]
Bromeliaceae	Bromelia pinguin L.	Piñuela	Cough	Dermatitis [fruits]	[34]
	Bromelia plumieri (E. Morren) L.B. Sm.	Timbiriche	Inflammation	Dermatitis [fruits]	[8]
Cactaceae	Cereus marginatus DC.	Oregano de zopilote	Rabies	Cardiotoxicity [aerial parts]	[13]
	Coryphantha pycnacantha (Mart.) Lem.	Falso peyote	Rheumatism, analgesic	Sedation in tongue [fruit]	[14]
	Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J.M. Coult.	Peyote	Rheumatism, analgesic	Hallucinations [whole plant]	[30]
Campanulaceae	Lobelia cardinalis L.	Lobelia	Cough, flu	Hypothermia, vomiting, abdominal pain [aerial parts]	[4]
	Lobelia inflata L.∗∗	Lobelia	Asthma, muscle relaxant	Hypotension [whole plant]	[35]
Canellaceae	Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.	Cúrbana	Rheumatism, stomachache	Edema, hemorrhage [whole plant]	[36]
Caprifoliaceae	Lonicera periclymenum L.	Woodbine	Diuretic, cough	Cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity [fruits]	[11]
	Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake	Snowberry	Tuberculosis	Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain [whole plant]	[11]
Celastraceae	Celastrus scandens L.	Falsa dulcamara	Diuretic, tuberculosis	Gastritis, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea [fruit]	[11]
	Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.	Wahoo	Purgative	Vomiting [bark]	[11]
Commelinaceae	Commelina elegans Kunth	Hierba del pollo	Conjunctivitis	Edema, dermatitis [whole plant]	[8]
	Tradescantia spathacea Sw.	Maguey morado	Cancer, wound healing, asthma, cough	Skin burns [sap]	[8]
Convulvulaceae	Ipomoea murucoides Roem. & Schult.	Cazahuate	Hair loss, wound healing, cough, diuretic	Gastritis [bark]	[37]
	Ipomoea purga (Wender.) Hayne	Raíz de Jalapa	Purgative	Vomiting and abdominal pain [roots]	[15]
	Ipomoea stans Cav.	Tumbavaqueros	Epileptic seizures	Neurotoxicity [roots]	[38]
	Ipomoea tricolor Cav.	Hiedra de flores grandes	Analgesic	Hallucinations [aerial parts]	[14]
	Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf.	Flor de pascua	Fever, wound healing	Hallucinations [seeds]	[4]
Coriariaceae	Coriaria ruscifolia L.	Huique	Pneumonia	Hallucinations [aerial parts]	[33]
Cucurbitaceae	Apodanthera undulata A. Gray	Gualaista	Gastritis	Vomiting and abdominal pain [roots and seeds]	[14]
Dioscoreaceae	Dioscorea floribunda M. Martens & Galeotti	Barbasco amarillo	Rheumatism, body pain	Abortifacient [roots]	[8]
Equisetaceae	Equisetum hyemale L.∗∗	Carricillo	Abdominal pain, urinary tract infections	Hepatotoxicity [whole plant]	[39]
Ericaceae	Arbutus arizonica (A. Gray) Sarg.	Madroño	Diuretic	Nausea and vomiting [fruit]	[14]
	Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs	Madroño	Diuretic	Nausea and vomiting [fruit]	[33]
	Kalmia latifolia L.	Ivy brush	Syphilis	Neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity [aerial parts]	[11]
Euphorbiaceae	Acalypha monostachya Cav. Cav	Hierba del cancer	Cancer	Skin burns [latex]	[14]
	Adelia barbinervis Schltdl. & Cham.	Espino blanco	Body pain, wounds	Dermatitis [aerial parts]	[8]
	Cnidoscolus  chayamansa McVaugh∗∗	Chaya	Diabetes	Dermatitis [aerial parts]	[8]
	Cnidoscolus  souzae McVaugh	Ch'iinchay	Rheumatism	Dermatitis [aerial parts]	[8]
	Cnidoscolus  urens (L.) Arthur∗∗	Ortiga	Diuretic	Hypotension, skin burns, nausea and vomiting [whole plant]	[24]
	Croton  ciliatoglandulosus Ortega	Hierba de la cruz	Constipation	Gastritis, excessive salivation [whole plant]	[4]
	Croton humilis L.	ik'ja'aban	Wounds	Skin burns [aerial parts]	[8]
	Dalechampia scandens L.	Mo'ol koj	Headache	Edema, dermatitis [aerial parts]	[11]
	Euphorbia cotinifolia L.	Lechero rojo	Purgative	Skin burns [seeds]	[24]
	Euphorbia hirta L. ∗∗	Hierba de la golondrina	Stomachache	Skin burns [aerial parts]	[14]
	Euphorbia maculata L.	Hierba de la golondrina	Tooth ache	Severe diarrhea, vomiting [seeds]	[4]
	Euphorbia prostrata Aiton∗∗	Hierba de la golondrina	Pain in the kidney, wounds, diarrhea	Gastritis, abdominal pain [whole plant]	[31]
	Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch∗∗	Noche buena	Wound healing	Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain [whole plant]	[40]
	Euphorbia tithymaloides L.	Redbird flower	Asthma, skin cancer, warts	Irritation of the mouth and throat, vomiting [whole plant]	[20]
	Hura crepitans L.∗∗	Catahua	Laxative	Skin burns [seeds]	[41]
	Hura polyandra Baill.	Haba	Stomachache, body pain,	Skin burns [latex], nausea and vomiting, gastritis [seeds and fruits]	[15]
	Jatropha curcas L.∗∗	Piñon	Fever, warts	Dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea [seeds, leaves]	[36]
	Jatropha dioica Sessé∗∗	Sangre de grado	Cancer, rheumatism, hair loss, wound healing	Dermatitis, vomiting, muscle paralysis [stem, fruits]	[13]
	Jatropha gossypiifolia L.∗∗	Tua tua	Cough, flu, fever	Skin burns, abortifacient [seeds, leaves]	[42]
	Jatropha multifida L.∗∗	Palmeado	Wound healing, to purify blood	Severe diarrhea [seeds]	[43]
	Manihot esculenta Crantz∗∗	Yuca	Wound healing, vermifuge	Poisoning and neurotoxicity [leaves]	[41]
	Tragia nepetifolia Cav.	Ortiguilla	Diuretic	Skin burns [Aerial parts]	[44]
	Tragia yucatanensis Millsp.	P'oop'ox	Rheumatism	Dermatitis [aerial parts]	[8]
Fabaceae	Abrus precatorius L∗∗	Semilla de culebra	Diabetes, asthma	Stomachache, diarrhea [aerial parts]	[4]
	Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.	Yaba	Vermifuge	Vomiting, fever, hypotension, mental confusion, respiratory insufficiency [bark]	[36]
	Astragalus plattensis Nutt.	Garbancillo	Diuretic	Vomiting [leaves]	[26]
	Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.∗∗	Clavellina colorada	Fever, pain, cough	Dermatitis and neurotoxicity [Aerial parts]	[18]
	Calliandra grandiflora (L'Hér.) Benth.	Cabello de ángel	Fever	Dermatitis [leaves]	[45]
	Calliandra molinae Standl.	Palo de corcho	Hypertension	Hepatotoxicity, hypotension [leaves]	[46]
	Crotalaria pumila Ortega	Tronador	Cough, diabetes	Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting [whole plant]	[14]
	Crotalaria sagittalis L.	Cocuite	Fever, snake bite	Anoxia, gastritis, abdominal pain, blood in feces [Aerial parts]	[4]
	Dalea bicolor Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.	Engordacabra	Diarrhea	Vomiting [aerial parts]	[14]
	Diphysa robinioides Benth.	Flor de gallito	Fever, headache	Nausea and vomiting [leaves]	[47]
	Entada polystachya (L.) DC.	Bejuco de agua	To promote hair growth	Abdominal pain and severe diarrhea [Fruits]	[4]
	Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.∗∗	Cascabel sonaja	Bronchitis, sore throat	Severe diarrhea and abdominal pain [Aerial parts]	[4]
	Erythrina americana Mill∗∗	Colorin	Diuretic	Immobilization, hypotension, and respiratory paralysis [seeds]	[15]
	Erythrina standleyana Krukoff	Cancer	Cancer	Somnolence, vomit [aerial parts]	[8]
	Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp	Matarratón	Vermifuge	Nausea and vomiting [roots, leaves, seeds]	[24]
	Indigofera microcarpa Desv.	Yaga-cohui-pichacha	Purgative	Severe diarrhea [leaves]	[4]
	Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.∗∗	Añil	Vermifuge	Severe diarrhea [leaves]	[4]
	Leucaena esculenta (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Benth.	Guaje	Wound healing	Nausea and vomiting [seeds]	[48]
	Myroxylon pereirae (Royle) Klotzsch∗∗	Indian balsam	Burns, wounds and ulcers	Allergies, contact urticaria and dermatitis [resin]	[49]
	Phaseolus lunatus L.	Frijol ancho	Fever, headache	Seizures, immobilization [whole plant]	[4]
	Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.	Mezquite	Fever, diabetes	Nausea and vomiting [seeds]	[4]
	Robinia pseudoacacia L.	Black locust	Diuretic, laxative	Anorexia, hypothermia, dyspnoea [bark, leaves and seeds]	[4]
	Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby	Parral	Diabetes	Abortifacient [fruit]	[33]
	Senna occidentalis (L.) Link∗∗	Frijolillo	Fever	Gastritis, dermatitis, and conjunctivitis [fruit]	[4]
Garryaceae	Garrya ovata Benth.	Cuauhchichic	Diarrhea	Muscle paralysis [bark]	[26]
Gelsemiaceae	Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil.∗∗	Retama	Stomachache, asthma, headache, rheumatism	Sedative, vertigo, hypotension, blurred vision [whole plant]	[10]
Gesneriaceae	Moussonia deppeana (Schltdl. & Cham.) Hanst.∗∗	Cacahuapaxtle	Diuretic, gastritis	Abortifacient [aerial parts]	[50]
Lamiaceae	Hedeoma drummondii Benth.	Drummond's false pennyroyal	Muscle relaxing	Abortifacient [whole plant]	[26]
	Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.	American pennyroyal	Antispasmodic, pneumonia	Abortifacient, kidney toxicity [aerial parts]	[19]
	Salvia leucantha Cav	Lana	Cough, stomachache	Abortifacient [aerial parts]	[27]
	Satureja brownei (Sw.) Briq.	Poleo	Colic, cough	Nausea and vomiting, dermatitis, bleeding [whole plant]	[24]
	Scutellaria lateriflora L.	Scullcap	Nervousness, headache, fever, anxiety	Giddiness, stupor, confusion, twitching of the limbs, intermission of the pulse [whole plant]	[19]
Loasaceae	Mentzelia hispida Willd.	Pegajilla	Rheumatism, anemia	Vomiting [resin]	[14]
Loranthaceae	Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don∗∗	Muerdago o injerto	Hypertension, seizures, rheumatism, wound healing	Nausea and vomiting [whole plant]	[26]
Lythraceae	Cuphea aequipetala Cav.∗∗	Hierba del cáncer	Cancer, wound healing	Numbness, nausea and vomiting [aerial parts]	[10]
Magnoliaceae	Magnolia grandiflora L.∗∗	Magnolia	Nervousness, menstrual colics	Dermatitis [leaves]	[51]
Malpighiaceae	Malpighia glabra L.	Acerola	Dysentery, fever	Dermatitis [fruits]	[19]
Malvaceae	Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.∗∗	Ceiba	Diuretic, cough, fever	Dermatitis [seeds]	[24]
	Tilia mexicana Schltdl.∗∗	Tilia	Nervousness, menstrual pain	Hepatotoxicity [flower]	[39]
Marantaceae	Thalia geniculata L.	Kento	Anaemia, hemorrhoids	Edema, gastritis [aerial parts]	[8]
Martyniaceae	Martynia annua L.∗∗	Uña de gato	Snake bite	Nausea and vomiting [seeds]	[18]
Melanthiaceae	Veratrum californicum Durand∗∗	California corn lily	Cancer	Neurotoxicity [whole plant]	[11]
	Trillium erectum L.	Bethroot	To prevent obstetric hemorrhage	Skin burns [leaves]	[19]
Menispermaceae	Menispermum canadense L.	Canada moonseed	Warts	Cardiotoxicity [fruits]	[11]
Myrtaceae	Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.∗∗	Pimiento	Rheumatism, stomachache	Neurotoxicity [whole plant]	[19]
Nartheciaceae	Aletris farinosa L.	Unicorn root	Laxative, diarrhea, rheumatism	Narcotic [whole plant]	[19]
Nyctaginacea	Mirabilis jalapa L∗∗	Maravilla	Rheumatism, stomachache, fever	Severe diarrhea [roots and seeds]	[4]
Oxalidaceae	Oxalis alpina (Rose) Rose ex R. Knuth	Acedera	Gastritis	Poisoning [whole plant]	[7]
Papaveraceae	Argemone mexicana L.∗∗	Cardo santo	Wound healing, fever, diuretic, analgesic	Dermatitis, abortifacient immobilizing, neurotoxicity [whole plant]	[35]
	Sanguinaria canadensis L.∗∗	Bloodroot	Skin cancer, polyps and warts	Narcotic [root]	[19]
Passifloraceae	Passiflora caerulea L.	Pasionaria azul	Epilepsy, anxiolytic	Nausea and vomiting, dizziness [flower]	[24]
	Passiflora edulis Sims∗∗	Maracuya	Relaxing	Hallucinations, dizziness, confusion, ataxia, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, and tachycardia; [flower]	[39, 41]
	Passiflora quadrangularis L.	Badea	Vermifuge, obesity	Nausea and vomiting, dizziness [leaves and seeds]	[24]
Petiveriaceae	Rivina humilis L.∗∗	Coralillo	Varicose veins, snake bite, wound healing, stomachache	Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain [whole plant]	[11]
Phytolaccaceae	Phytolacca americana L.	Hierba carmine	Warts	Blurred vision, vomit, vertigo [whole plant]	[52]
	Phytolacca icosandra L.∗∗	Mazorquilla	Cancer, vermifuge, rheumatism	Blurred vision, vomiting, [roots]	[14]
	Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D. Bouché	Mazorquilla	Headache, wound healing, vermifuge	Blurred vision, vomit, vertigo [whole plant]	[30]
Plantaginaceae	Scoparia dulcis L.∗∗	Culantrillo	Diarrhea, stomachache, asthma, nervousness	Hepatotoxicity [whole plant]	[39]
Plumbaginaceae	Plumbago pulchella Boiss.	Jiricua	Diabetes, wound healing	Skin burns, vomiting [whole plant]	[14]
Polygalaceae	Monnina schlechtendaliana D. Dietr.	Aguacatillo	Dehydration	Nausea and vomiting [fruit]	[33]
	Polygala senega L.	rattlesnake root	Cough, diuretic	Gastritis [roots]	[19]
	Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.∗∗	Canaigre	Wound healing	Vomiting, abdominal pain [Aerial parts]	[19]
Ranunculaceae	Actaea alba (L.) Mill.	White cohosh	Arthritis, rheumatism, dysmenorrhea	Headache, vomiting, delirium, circulatory failure [whole plant]	[19]
	Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd.	Baneberry	Dysmenorrhea	Vomiting, abdominal pain, salivation [fruits and roots]	[11]
	Anemone canadensis L.	Meadow anemone	Body pain and wound healing	Salivation, abdominal pain, and salivation [whole plant]	[11]
	Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.∗∗	Baneberry	To manage some symptoms of menopause	Vomiting, abdominal pain [fruit]	[19]
	Clematis dioica L.	Barba de chivo	Rheumatism, cough, diuretic	Skin burns [leaves]	[10]
	Clematis virginiana L.	Old man's beard	For skin disorders (sores, cuts), itching and venereal eruptions	Dizziness, confusion, profuse salivation [leaves]	[19]
	Hydrastis canadensis L.∗∗	Sello dorado	Laxative	Gastritis, abortifacient [rhizome]	[35]
	Ranunculus geoides Humb. Bonpl. & Kunth ex DC	Pata de león	Cough	Skin burns [seeds and fruits]	[30]
	Thalictrum strigillosum Hemsl.	Hierba del zorro	Cough	Nausea and vomiting [whole plant]	[7]
Rhamnaceae	Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc.∗∗	Tullidora	Wound healing	Immobilization, abortifacient [fruit]	[53]
	Karwinskia mollis Schltdl.	Capulín	Wound healing	Immobilization [fruit]	[54]
	Rhamnus kcalifornica Eschsch	California buckthorn	Laxative	Gastritis [fruit and bark]	[11]
Rosaceae	Prunus serotina Ehrh.	Capulín blanco	Cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain	Spasm, nausea and vomiting [leaves and seeds]	[7]
Rubarwiaceae	Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson	Ipecac	Dysentery	Rhinitis or asthma [whole plant]	[19]
	Cephalanthus occidentalis L.	Guayabillo	Fever	Vomiting, seizures, anemia [bark]	[4]
	Cinchona pubescens Vahl∗∗	Quino	Malaria, varicose veins, internal hemorrhoids	Hypoglycemia, hematologic disorders, urticaria, contact dermatitis, and other hypersensitivity reactions.	[19]
Rutaceae	Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex.∗∗	Matasanos	Hypertension, diabetes, rheumatism	Hepatotoxicity, peptic ulcer, hypotensive [leaves]	[46]
	Ruta chalepensis L.∗∗	Ruda	Analgesic	Dermatitis, abortifacient [aerial parts]	[18]
	Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.	Colima	Nervousness	Narcotic [leaves]	[26]
Santalaceae	Phoradendron bolleanum (Seem.) Eichler	Muerdago	Diuretic	Nausea and vomiting [leaves and seeds]	[55]
	Phoradendron quadrangulare (Kunth) Griseb.	Muerdago	Cancer	Nausea and vomiting, dehydration [aerial parts]	[11]
	Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnst.∗∗	Muerdago	Cancer, diabetes	Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration [aerial parts]	[11]
Sapindaceae	Sapindus saponaria L.∗∗	Jaboncillo	Diuretic	Skin burns [seeds]	[24]
Sapotaceae	Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn∗∗	Zapote	To eliminate louse	Nausea and vomiting, dizziness [seeds]	[35]
Scrophulariaceae	Buddleja marrubiifolia Benth.	Azafran de campo	Diuretic	Neurotoxicity [seeds]	[26]
Simaroubaceae	Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch.	Palo Amarillo	Stomachache, diabetes	Hypotension [bark]	[35]
	Castela tortuosa Liebm.	Chaparro amargo	Fever, amebas	Hepatotoxicity [stem]	[37]
Smilacaceae	Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.	Zarzaparilla	Syphilis, psoriasis	Gastritis [whole plant]	[19]
Solanaceae	Capsicum annuum L.∗∗	Chile	Analgesic	Dermatitis by rubbing or gastritis, hemorrhoids, and colitis by oral administration [seeds, fruits]	[35]
	Cestrum fasciculatum (Schltdl.) Miers	Hierba del perro	Vomiting	Nausea and vomiting, dizziness [aerial parts]	[10]
	Cestrum nocturnum L.	Dama de noche	Headache, stomachache	tachycardia, dyspnea, fever, hallucinations [leaves]	[4]
	Datura inoxia Miller.∗∗	Toloache	Diabetes, asthma, wound healing	Narcotic, anorexic, cardiotoxicity, blurred vision [seeds]	[15]
	Solanum americanum Mill∗∗	Quelite mora	Headache, wound healing	Dermatitis, vomiting, severe diarrhea, paralysis [fruits]	[29]
	Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.	Trompillo	Rattlesnake bite	Dermatitis [whole plant]	[13]
	Solanum mammosum L.	Chichigua	Diuretic, cough	Narcotic, cardiotoxicity [fruits]	[35]
	Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti∗∗	Hierba mora	Fever, rheumatism	Immobilization [leaves and seeds]	[7]
	Solanum rostratum Dunal	Duraznillo	Diuretic, stomachache, diarrhea	Dermatitis [aerial parts]	[13]
	Witheringia solanacea L'Hér.	Merengena	To purify blood	Nausea and vomiting [leaves and seeds]	[47]
Urticaceae	Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd.∗∗	Ortiga brava	Diuretic, rheumatism, body pain	Dermatitis, edema [aerial parts]	[11]
	Urtica mexicana Liebm.	Ortiga	Diabetes, rheumatism	Skin burns [aerial parts]	[10]
Verbenaceae	Duranta repens L.	Mohuite de huerto	To purify blood, fever	Nausea and vomiting, seizures [flowers]	[4]
	Lantana camara L.∗∗	Hierba de San Pedro	Stomachache, diarrhea, rheumatism	Hepatotoxicity, nausea, and vomiting [aerial parts]	[52]
	Lippia dulcis Trevir.	Hierbabuena dulce	Cough, diarrhea, stomachache	Vertigo, hypotension [aerial parts]	[18]
Zygophyllaceae	Larrea divaricata Cav.∗∗	Chaparral	Rheumatism, tuberculosis, snake bite	Hepatotoxicity [aerial parts]	[56]
	Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville∗∗	Gobernadora	Diabetes, diuretic	Hepatotoxicity, nausea and vomiting, abortifacient, gastritis [aerial parts]	[37]

∗∗ indicates plant with toxicological information obtained from preclinical or clinical studies.