Table 2.
Tobacco Use and Health Insurance Literacy (n = 631)
| Total Sample Characteristics | Tobacco Users | Non-Tobacco Users | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or Percentage | Mean or Percentage | Mean or Percentage | |
| (SD) | (SD) | (SD) | |
| Health insurance literacy (range 0–4)*** | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 |
| (1.1) | (1.1) | (1.1) | |
| Lowest Deductible (correct answer)* | 63.6% | 58.8% | 65.7% |
| Highest OOPa (correct answer)* | 63.9% | 59.3% | 66.0% |
| Lowest Cost Choice if Health Services Not Needed (correct answer) | 46.0% | 44.2% | 46.8% |
| Lowest Cost Choice if Hospitalized (correct answer)*** | 22.2% | 15.1% | 25.5% |
| Insurance Marketplace*** | 18.4% | 12.6% | 21.1% |
| Current Tobacco Use | 31.5% | – | – |
| Risk Taking (range 1–7)*** | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.7 |
| (1.2) | (1.2) | (1.2) | |
| Discount Rate (range 0–4) | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 |
| (1.4) | (1.4) | (1.4) | |
| Cognitive Function (range 0–1) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| (0.3) | (0.3) | (0.2) | |
| Numeracy (range 0–4) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| (0.8) | (0.8) | (0.8) | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age*** | 40.2 | 36.8 | 42.5 |
| (14.0) | (12.3) | (14.4) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| African American | 80.0% | 80.9% | 79.6% |
| White Non-Hispanic | 17.3% | 16.6% | 17.6% |
| Other | 2.7% | 2.5% | 2.8% |
| Female | 68.6% | 55.3% | 74.8% |
| Marital Status** | |||
| Never Married | 49.0% | 55.8% | 45.8% |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 26.0% | 24.6% | 26.6% |
| Married | 25.0% | 19.6% | 27.6% |
| Education*** | |||
| Less than High School | 7.5% | 11.8% | 36.6% |
| High School | 40.5% | 49.0% | 5.5% |
| Some College | 37.2% | 30.7% | 40.2% |
| Bachelor’s/Graduate | 14.8% | 8.4% | 17.7% |
| Type of Health Insurance*** | |||
| Employer-Sponsored | 30.1% | 18.6% | 35.4% |
| Individual | 10.9% | 4.5% | 13.9% |
| Medicare | 10.8% | 10.1% | 11.1% |
| Medicaid | 21.4% | 24.12% | 20.4% |
| Uninsured | 26.8% | 42.7% | 19.4% |
| High Utilizers (> 1 ED visit or >0 inpatient admissions in the past year)*** | 35.4% | 47.2% | 30.8% |
| Monthly Income*** | |||
| $0–$720 | 26.3% | 36.7% | 21.5% |
| $721–$1200 | 26.0% | 26.1% | 25.9% |
| $1201–$2400 | 21.7% | 23.1% | 21.1% |
| $2401 | 26.0% | 14.1% | 31.5% |
| Heath Status | |||
| Excellent | 16.0% | 12.6% | 17.6% |
| Very Good | 28.4% | 27.6% | 28.7% |
| Good | 33.1% | 33.2% | 33.1% |
| Fair | 19.5% | 22.6% | 18.1% |
| Poor | 3.0% | 4.0% | 2.6% |
*p < .10, **p < .05, ***p < .01
aOut-of-pocket (OOP) is the expenses for medical care that aren’t reimbursed by insurance. OOP costs include deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments for covered services plus all costs for services that aren’t covered