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. 2017 Nov 15;24:85. doi: 10.1186/s12929-017-0393-1

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 8 — Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism for infection-induced pathological responses. LPS pretreatment induced PAR-2 expression in vascular ECs. PAR-2 agonist (trypsin) potentiates PAR-2 activation and then calcium mobilization. The intracellular calcium activates the ERK/p38 MAPK pathway and leads to MCP-1 secretion