Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants in the LCD and VLCD groups
| Group | T1 (Study start) | T2 (End of WL) | T3 (End of WS) | T4 (End of follow‐up) | Diet × time (P‐value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female/male) |
LCD VLCD |
15/14 15/12 |
||||
| Age (year) |
LCD VLCD |
51.8 ± 1.9 50.8 ± 1.5 |
||||
| Weight (kg) |
LCD VLCD |
92.4 ± 1.9 92.0 ± 1.8 |
84.2 ± 1.9 83.1 ± 1.6 |
84.0 ± 1.9 82.8 ± 1.7 |
88.4 ± 2.0 87.7 ± 2.0 |
0.670 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
LCD VLCD |
31.3 ± 0.5 30.8 ± 0.4 |
28.6 ± 0.5 27.9 ± 0.4 |
28.5 ± 0.5 27.8 ± 0.4 |
30.0 ± 0.5 29.1 ± 0.5 |
0.769 |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
LCD VLCD |
102.6 ± 2.0 101.3 ± 1.5 |
95.3 ± 1.8 93.6 ± 1.4 |
94.3 ± 2.0 94.6 ± 1.3 |
98.3 ± 1.9 97.6 ± 1.6 |
0.266 |
| Fat mass (%) |
LCD VLCD |
39.9 ± 1.8 39.7 ± 1.6 |
34.5 ± 2.1 35.1 ± 1.9 |
33.8 ± 2.1 33.9 ± 1.9 |
36.5 ± 2.0 36.3 ± 1.9 |
0.298 |
| Fat‐free mass (kg) |
LCD VLCD |
55.4 ± 2.2 55.5 ± 2.3 |
54.9 ± 2.1 53.9 ± 2.2 |
55.2 ± 2.2 54.7 ± 2.3 |
56.0 ± 2.3 55.7 ± 2.3 |
0.034 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
LCD VLCD |
126.8 ± 2.4 122.9 ± 2.8 |
123.7 ± 2.3 115.6 ± 2.5 |
124.1 ± 2.1 117.1 ± 2.8 |
127.4 ± 2.3 121.6 ± 3.0 |
0.474 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
LCD VLCD |
85.9 ± 1.9 84.4 ± 2.0 |
81.1 ± 1.5 78.0 ± 1.7 |
81.0 ± 1.5 78.2 ± 1.9 |
83.1 ± 1.8 82.9 ± 1.9 |
0.392 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) |
LCD VLCD |
5.3 ± 0.1 5.2 ± 0.1 |
5.1 ± 0.1*
4.8 ± 0.1 |
5.1 ± 0.1*
5.0 ± 0.1 |
5.0 ± 0.1 4.9 ± 0.1 |
0.015 |
| 2‐h glucose (mmol/L) |
LCD VLCD |
5.9 ± 0.3 6.6 ± 0.4 |
5.0 ± 0.2†
6.8 ± 0.5 |
5.8 ± 0.4‡
5.3 ± 0.2 |
0.000 | |
| Insulin (uU/mL) |
LCD VLCD |
17.1 ± 1.1 14.4 ± 1.2 |
12.4 ± 0.7 10.5 ± 1.1 |
13.4 ± 0.8 12.8 ± 1.4 |
12.8 ± 1.3 13.2 ± 1.9 |
0.195 |
| FFA (μmol/L) |
LCD VLCD |
496 ± 32 414 ± 30 |
559 ± 38.8**
763 ± 56 |
477 ± 45**
413 ± 35 |
531 ± 36 555 ± 38 |
0.000 |
| TAG (μmol/L) |
LCD VLCD |
1217 ± 98 1174 ± 90 |
947 ± 82 775 ± 55 |
1014 ± 82 1023 ± 65 |
977 ± 67 1013 ± 82 |
0.171 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) |
LCD VLCD |
6.0 ± 0.2 5.9 ± 0.2 |
5.8 ± 0.2 4.9 ± 0.1 |
5.8 ± 0.2*
5.7 ± 0.2 |
5.8 ± 0.1 6.0 ± 0.2 |
0.000 |
| Adipocyte size (μm) |
LCD VLCD |
68.2 ± 1.0 68.7 ± 1.0 |
61.3 ± 0.8 62.8 ± 1.2 |
65.9 ± 0.8 65.2 ± 1.2 |
67.0 ± 0.9 67.8 ± 1.0 |
0.342 |
Values are mean ± SEM. Post hoc results for significant diet × time interactions are shown with Bonferroni corrections. WL, weight loss; WS, weight stable; LCD, low‐calorie diet; VLCD, very‐low‐calorie diet.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 difference in change between this time point and previous time point between dietary groups.
† P < 0.05 difference in change T3–T1 (DI period) between dietary groups, ‡ P < 0.05 difference in change T4–T3 (follow‐up) between dietary groups.