Table 2.
Participant characteristics and adipokines and other biomarkers in the whole group at T1, T2, T3, and T4
| T1 (Study start) | T2 (End of WL) | T3 (End of WS) | T4 (End of follow‐up) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 29/27 | |||
| Age (years) | 51.3 ± 1.2 | |||
| Weight (kg) | 92.2 ± 1.3 | 83.7 ± 1.2** | 83.4 ± 1.3‡ | 88.1 ± 1.4** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.1 ± 0.3 | 28.2 ± 0.3** | 28.1 ± 0.3‡ | 29.6 ± 0.4** |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.0 ± 1.3 | 94.4 ± 1.1** | 94.4 ± 1.2‡ | 98.0 ± 1.3** |
| Fat mass (%) | 39.8 ± 1.2 | 34.8 ± 1.4** | 33.8 ± 1.4**, ‡ | 36.4 ± 1.4** |
| Fat‐free mass (kg) | 55.4 ± 1.6 | 54.4 ± 1.5** | 55.0 ± 1.6‡ | 55.8 ± 1.6* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.9 ± 1.8 | 119.8 ± 1.8** | 120.7 ± 1.8‡ | 124.7 ± 1.9** |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85.2 ± 1.4 | 79.6 ± 1.1** | 79.6 ± 1.2‡ | 83.0 ± 1.3** |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.1** | 5.1 ± 0.1*, ‡ | 5.0 ± 0.1* |
| 2‐h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.3 ± 0.2 | 5.8 ± 0.3† | 5.5 ± 0.2** | |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 15.8 ± 0.8 | 11.5 ± 0.6** | 13.1 ± 0.8*, ‡ | 13.0 ± 1.1 |
| FFA (μmol/L) | 457 ± 23 | 658 ± 36** | 446 ± 29** | 542 ± 26** |
| TAG (μmol/L) | 1196 ± 66 | 864 ± 51** | 1018 ± 53**, ‡ | 994 ± 52 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1** | 5.7 ± 0.1**, ‡ | 5.9 ± 0.1* |
| Adipocyte size (μm) | 68.5 ± 0.7 | 62.0 ± 0.7** | 65.6 ± 0.7**, ‡ | 67.4 ± 0.7** |
| HOMA‐IR | 3.75 ± 0.21 | 2.60 ± 0.16** | 2.95 ± 0.18*, ‡ | 2.78 ± 0.25* |
| ACE activity (U/L) | 46.5 ± 2.6 | 41.5 ± 2.4** | 44.2 ± 3.4** | 46.9 ± 2.7* |
| IL‐6 (pg/mL) | 0.73 ± 0.05 | 0.75 ± 0.05 | 0.73 ± 0.05 | 0.64 ± 0.04 |
| RBP4 (μg/mL) | 27.0 ± 1.1 | 23.7 ± 1.1** | 26.2 ± 1.0** | 27.4 ± 1.0* |
| Apelin (ng/mL) | 0.63 ± 0.04 | 0.59 ± 0.04 | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.04** |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 29.4 ± 2.7 | 13.2 ± 1.5** | 17.7 ± 1.9**, ‡ | 24.6 ± 2.6** |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 9.0 ± 0.7 | 9.4 ± 0.7* | 10.0 ± 0.7*, ‡ | 9.9 ± 0.7 |
| Vaspin (ng/mL) | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.05**, ‡ | 0.36 ± 0.06 |
| Nesfatin‐1 (ng/mL) | 2.52 ± 0.71 | 2.64 ± 0.80 | 2.65 ± 0.78 | 2.68 ± 0.79 |
Values are mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 change between this time point and previous time point. † P < 0.05, ‡ P < 0.01 change between the end of WS and study start (DI period). WL, weight loss; WS, weight stable; LCD, low‐calorie diet; VLCD, very‐low‐calorie diet; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; RBP4, retinol‐binding protein 4; IL‐6, interleukin 6.