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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 15.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2017 May 10;114:102–115. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.005

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Receptor clustering is critical for T cell activation. (A) Supported lipid bilayers conjugated with biotinylated anti-CD3 mAb via NTA (neutravidin) were synthesized with different compositions of DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) to produce ligand mobility. SLBs with a higher diffusion coefficient (D), which corresponds to greater ligand mobility, induced higher levels of TCR signaling [44]. (B) Paramagnetic nano-aAPC induce clustering of the TCR/CD3 complex on T cells under the influence of a magnetic field. Reproduced and modified with permission from ACS Nano [76].