Table 1.

Summary of various surface engineering features for lymphocyte programming.

Lymphocyte Target	Surface Feature1	Material2	Signal Protein3	Result	Ref
T-Cells	MHC Dimer for antigen specific activation	Dynal® microbead	S1: MHC Dimer + S2: Anti-CD28	Micro-aAPC gave 106 expansion ex vivo over two months of tumor specific T-Cells	[14]
	Paracrine delivery of IL-2	PLGA	S1: Anti- CD3 + S2: Anti-CD28	Enhanced CD8+ expansion with IL-2 delivery	[36]
	Ellipsoidal shape – micron scale	PLGA	S1: MHC Dimer + S2: Anti-CD28	20-fold increase in T-Cell proliferation in ellipsoidal aAPC compared to spherical	[22]
	Ellipsoidal shape – nano scale	PLGA	S1: MHC Dimer + S2: Anti-CD28	3-fold stronger in vivo induction of T-Cells by ellipsoidal aAPC compared to spherical aAPC	[23]
	MHC Dimer with FasL	Dynal® microbead	S1: MHC Dimer + S2: FasL	Killer aAPC induced T- Cell apoptosis with both high efficacy and specificity	[40]
	SLB with variable ligand mobility	DMPC and DPPC	S1: Anti-CD3	T-Cell activation and IS formation preferentially induced by more fluid membranes	[65]
	Paramagnetic nanoparticle	Iron-dextran	S1: MHC Dimer + S2: Anti-CD28	5.5-fold increase in T cell expansion with magnetic clustering of nano aAPC compared to non-clustered nano aAPC	[76]
	Planar substrate with variable rigidity	PDMS	S1: Anti- CD3 + S2: Anti-CD28	4-fold increase in T cell expansion on softest substrate compared to stiffest substrate.	[135]
B-Cells	Patterned antigen with surface fluidity	Liposome	Trimeric HIV-1 spikes	B-Cell activation against HIV-1 antigen ex vivo	[50]
	Combine B-Cell and CD4+ T- Cell stimulation	Copolymer	OVA antigen + B- Cell epitope	Enhanced activation of B- Cells in combination with CD4+ cells	[51]
	Planar substrate with variable rigidity	Polyacrylamide	Anti-IgM	Enhanced B-Cell activation on stiffer substrates	[137]
NK Cells	Membrane bound IL-15	K562 cells	sIL-15 + 4- 1BBL	Ex vivo expansion of NK cells	[53]
	Membrane bound IL-15 and IL-21	K562 cells	sIL-15 + sIL-21	Enhanced NK cell stimulation with both IL- 15 and IL-21	[54]

¹MHC = major histocompatibility complex, SLB = supported lipid bilayer.

²PLGA = poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), DMPC = 1,2 dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, DPPC = dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, PDMS = polydimethylsiloxane.

³S1 = Signal 1 protein, S2 = Signal 2 protein.