Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline by group
| Parameter | Group 1 (n = 43) | Group 2 (n = 35) | Group 3 (n = 38) |
|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM, n (%) | 31 (72.1%) | 26 (74.3%) | 31 (81.6%) |
| Age, years | 53.1 ± 13.3 | 53.4 ± 12.6 | 54.3 ± 12.1 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 9.8 ± 7.0 | 8.8 ± 7.0 | 8.3 ± 5.4 |
| Duration of insulin use, years | 5.9 ± 3.8 | 5.1 ± 3.4 | 4.8 ± 3.0 |
| A1C, % (mmol/mol) | 8.7 ± 1.4 (72) | 8.5 ± 1.7 (69) | 8.8 ± 1.9 (73) |
| A1C > 9%, n (%) | 17 (39.3) | 12 (34.2) | 15 (39.4) |
| FPG, mmol/L | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 10.2 ± 3.8 | 9.6 ± 3.9 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.9 ± 8.4 | 32.9 ± 10.2 | 32.4 ± 8 |
| Injection regions, n (%) | |||
| Abdomen | 29 (67.4) | 30 (86.2) | 32 (84.0) |
| Abdomen/thigh | 5 (12.6) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (5.7) |
| Abdomen/thigh/buttock | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.6) |
| Abdomen/thigh/shoulder | 5 (11.0) | 0 | 3 (7.7) |
| Needle length, n (%) | |||
| 12.7 mm | 4 (9.0) | 4 (10.0) | 5 (12.9) |
| 8 mm | 32 (75.0) | 29 (82.0) | 29 (76.9) |
| 6 mm | 1 (2.3) | 1 (4.0) | 2 (5.1) |
| 5 mm | 16 (13.7) | 1 (4.0) | 2 (5.1) |
| Needle reuse, n (%) | |||
| 2–5 times | 21 (48.8) | 12 (34.3) | 12 (31.5) |
| 6–10 times | 12 (27.9) | 13 (37.1) | 19 (50.0) |
| > 10 times | 10 (23.3) | 10 (28.6) | 7 (18.4) |
| Injection site errors, n (%) | |||
| Needle insertion < 5 s | 13 (30.0) | 10 (28.6) | 16 (28.9) |
| Rotation | 14 (32.0) | 7 (20.0) | 11 (28.9) |
| Insulin leakage after injection | 6 (13.9) | 2 (5.7) | 5 (13.1) |
| Injection site pain, n (%) | 12 (27.9) | 4 (11.4) | 8 (21.1) |
| Injection site bruising, n (%) | 13 (30.2) | 10 (28.6) | 7 (18.4) |
| Lipodystrophy, n (%) | 13 (30.0) | 3 (8.5) | 11 (28.9) |
Numbers are mean ± SD, unless otherwise noted
A1C glycated hemoglobin, BMI body mass index, FPG fasting plasma glucose, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus