Table 2.
Glycemic outcomes and injection-related assessments at 6 months
| Parameter | Group 1 (n = 43) | Group 2 (n = 35) | Group 3 (n = 38) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A1C, % (mmol/mol) | 7.7 ± 1.2 (61)* | 7.4 ± 1.1 (57)* | 8.71 ± 1.71 (72) |
| FPG, mmol/L | 7.67 ± 1.18* | 7.81 ± 2.03* | 10.09 ± 3.28 |
| Insulin change from baseline, unitsa | |||
| Basal daily dose | 2.5 (0.6–1.3)* | 3.4 (1.9–4.8)* | 2.8 (0.8–4.5)* |
| Prandial daily dose | 3.3 (1.0–5.6)* | 3.0 (1.4–4.5)* | 3.6 (0.7–5.1)* |
| Needle length, n (%) | |||
| 12.7 mm | 0 | 2 (5.7) | 5 (12.9) |
| 8 mm | 0 | 10 (28.5) | 29 (76.9) |
| 6 mm | 0 | 0 | 2 (5.1) |
| 5 mm | 0 | 23 (65.7) | 2 (5.1) |
| 4 mm | 43 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Needle use, n (%) | |||
| 1 time | 43 (100) | 29 (82.9) | 0 |
| 2–5 times | 0 | 6 (17.1) | 13 (34.2) |
| 6–10 times | 0 | 0 | 20 (52.6) |
| > 10 times | 0 | 0 | 5 (13.1) |
| Injection site errors, n (%) | |||
| Needle insertion < 5 s | 3 (6.9) | 2 (5.7) | 16 (28.9) |
| Rotation | 0 | 0 | 11 (28.9) |
| Insulin leakage after injection | 6 (13.9) | 2 (5.7) | 5 (13.1) |
| Injection site pain, n (%) | 0 | 3 (8.5) | 5 (13.1) |
| Injection site bruising, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 7 (18.4) |
| Lipodystrophy, n (%) | 7 (16.2) | 2 (5.7) | 12 (31.5) |
Numbers are mean ± SD, unless otherwise noted
A1C glycated hemoglobin, FPG fasting plasma glucose
* P < 0.05 compared with baseline value
aMean (95% CI)