Table 2.
Association between time of bolus injection and non-adherence in all patients and stratified by HbA1c and number of daily insulin injections
| Pre-meal cohort | Post-meal cohort – adjusted modela, OR [95% CI] | Post-meal cohort – unadjusted model, OR [95% CI] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 1218) | Reference | 1.50* [1.10–2.05] | 2.35*** [1.83–3.03] |
| HbA1c < 9% (N = 701) | Reference | 1.54* [1.00–2.35] | 2.32*** [1.65–3.26] |
| HbA1c ≥ 9% (N = 390) | Reference | 2.86*** [1.50–5.46] | 3.07*** [1.99–4.73] |
| HbA1c < 9% and < 3 injections (N = 267) | Reference | 2.37* [1.17–4.80] | 3.09*** [1.86–5.14] |
| HbA1c ≥ 9% and < 3 injections (N = 195) | Reference | 4.97* [1.77–13.99] | 4.53*** [2.45–8.38] |
| HbA1c < 9% and ≥ 3 injections (N = 434) | Reference | 1.20 [0.63–2.26] | 1.58 [0.97–2.57] |
| HbA1c ≥ 9% and ≥ 3 injections (N = 195) | Reference | 2.14 [0.70–6.50] | 1.92* [1.02–3.59] |
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, HbA 1c glycated hemoglobin, OR odds ratio
aAdjusted for sex, BMI, education, country, age, age when diagnosed, an interaction between age and age when diagnosed, times per day injecting short-acting insulin, times per day injecting long-acting insulin, an interaction between times per day injecting short-acting insulin and times per day injecting long-acting insulin, intake of tablets and non-insulin diabetes medication using a needle
Significant difference to the pre-meal cohort indicated by * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001, *** p < 0.0001