Table 3.
Clinical characteristics of individuals with type 2 diabetes according to latent class
| Characteristics | Overall | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family history of diabetes | 709 (47.1) | 419 (47.1) | 36 (60.0) | 59 (47.2) | 195 (45.5) | 0.215 |
| Treatment modalities | < 0.001 | |||||
| Oral antidiabetic agents alone | 601 (40.0) | 351 (39.4) | 20 (33.3) | 57 (45.6) | 173 (40.3) | |
| Insulin alone | 134 (8.9) | 81 (9.1) | 2 (3.3) | 14 (11.2) | 37 (8.6) | |
| Oral antidiabetic agents and insulin | 769 (51.1) | 458 (51.5) | 38 (63.3) | 54 (43.2) | 219 (51.0) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 (1.2) | 7.4 (1.1) | 7.9 (1.6) | 7.4 (1.2) | 7.8 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
| Glycemic control | 353 (23.5) | 221 (24.8) | 11 (18.3) | 38 (30.4) | 83 (19.3) | < 0.001 |
| Mean duration of type 2 diabetes (years) | 9 (9) | 9 (9) | 12 (11) | 8 (9) | 9 (9) | 0.013 |
| Duration of type 2 diabetes (years) | 0.004 | |||||
| 0–4.9 | 455 (30.3) | 264 (29.7) | 9 (15.0) | 51 (41.0) | 131 (30.5) | |
| 5–9.9 | 534 (35.5) | 321 (36.1) | 18 (30.0) | 40 (32.0) | 155 (36.1) | |
| ≥ 10 | 515 (34.2) | 305 (34.3) | 33 (55.0) | 34 (27.0) | 143 (33.3) | |
| Macrovascular complications | 0.033 | |||||
| 0 | 841 (55.9) | 507 (57.0) | 30 (50.0) | 77 (61.6) | 227 (52.9) | |
| 1 | 419 (27.9) | 247 (27.8) | 12 (20.0) | 34 (27.2) | 126 (29.4) | |
| > 1 | 244 (16.2) | 136 (15.3) | 18 (30.0) | 14 (11.2) | 76 (17.7) | |
| Microvascular complications | 0.004 | |||||
| 0 | 849 (56.4) | 517 (58.1) | 24 (40.0) | 82 (65.6) | 226 (52.7) | |
| 1 | 376 (25.0) | 205 (23.0) | 18 (30.0) | 29 (23.2) | 124 (28.9) | |
| > 1 | 279 (18.6) | 168 (18.9) | 18 (30.0) | 14 (11.2) | 79 (18.4) | |
| Diabetes-related comorbidities | 0.002 | |||||
| 0 | 645 (42.9) | 395 (44.4) | 18 (30.0) | 63 (50.4) | 169 (39.4) | |
| 1 | 489 (32.5) | 300 (33.7) | 16 (26.7) | 34 (27.2) | 139 (32.4) | |
| > 1 | 370 (24.6) | 195 (21.9) | 26 (43.3) | 28 (22.4) | 121 (28.2) |
Data were expressed as medians (IQR) or n (%)
P values for the difference between subgroups were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test or chi-square test, as appropriate
Bold values indicate major characteristics
HbA1c glycated hemoglobin; targets of glycemic control were defined as HbA1c less than 7% (53 mmol/mol), Class 1 healthy behavioral group, Class 2 unhealthy diet and less activity group, Class 3 smoking and drinking group, Class 4 sedentary and extremely inactive group