Table 4.
Results of the logistic regression model investigating factors associated with class membership
| Characteristic | Class 2 vs. class 1 | Class 3 vs. class 1 | Class 4 vs. class 1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| < 45 | Reference | |||||
| 45–64 | 1.04 | 0.23–4.72 | 1.23* | 1.01–1.65 | 0.64 | 0.35–1.16 |
| ≥ 65 | 0.66 | 0.14–3.11 | 0.88 | 0.28–2.79 | 1.18 | 0.48–1.60 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Women | Reference | |||||
| Males | 1.40 | 0.80–2.45 | 7.91* | 4.34–14.41 | 0.80* | 0.59–0.98 |
| BMI groups | ||||||
| Normal | Reference | |||||
| Overweight | 1.09 | 0.53–2.23 | 1.06 | 0.64–1.77 | 0.83 | 0.62–1.12 |
| Obesity | 1.22* | 1.07–1.81 | 1.47 | 0.78–2.78 | 1.30* | 1.09–1.75 |
| Abdominal obesity | 1.61* | 1.03–2.53 | 1.31 | 0.83–2.06 | 0.99 | 0.76–1.29 |
| Treatment modalities | ||||||
| Oral antidiabetic agents alone | Reference | |||||
| Insulin alone | 0.14 | 0.02–1.09 | 1.40 | 0.67–2.94 | 0.93 | 0.58–1.50 |
| Oral antidiabetic agents combined with insulin | 0.68 | 0.38–1.24 | 0.73 | 0.46–1.16 | 1.01 | 0.77–1.32 |
| Poor glycemic control | 1.45* | 1.07–2.25 | 0.66 | 0.42–1.05 | 1.52* | 1.05–2.12 |
| Duration of type 2 diabetes (years) | 1.56* | 1.22–1.95 | 0.91 | 0.86–1.04 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 |
| Macrovascular complications | 1.28* | 1.04–1.44 | 1.18 | 0.78–1.79 | 1.00 | 0.80–1.27 |
| Microvascular complications | 1.40* | 1.13–1.80 | 0.78 | 0.57–1.06 | 0.98 | 0.84–1.16 |
| Diabetes-related comorbidities | 1.58* | 1.15–2.12 | 0.88 | 0.69–1.13 | 1.08 | 0.94–1.24 |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, Class 1 healthy behavioral group, Class 2 unhealthy diet and less activity group; Class 3 smoking and drinking group, Class 4 sedentary and extremely inactive group
*p < 0.05