Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

- Aged 60 years and over  - Have stress or mixed urinary symptoms at least three times a week persisting for three months or more

- Able to have a gynecological examination

Exclusion criteria

- Have a BMI ≥ 35;  - Reduced mobility (not able to get around without the aid of a cane, crutches, or a walker)  - Suffer from untreated chronic constipation  - Experience important organ prolapse (POPQ > 2)  - Received physiotherapy treatment for urinary incontinence in the past year  - Have a surgery for incontinence or organ prolapse in the past year  - Currently taking any medication for urinary incontinence (eligible if comfortable stopping the medication) or medications affecting skeletal muscles  - Experiencing any leakage of stool or mucus  - Have an active urinary or vaginal infection in last three months  - Recent change in hormonal replacement  - Any co-morbidities or risk factors interfering with the study (e.g. respiratory, cardiovascular, or memory problems, active cancer, diabetes, etc.)