Table 1.
Association of general characteristics of participants with depression status
| Characteristics | Depression status | F | df a | df b | p value | p trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n = 247) M ± SD or n (%) |
Mild/moderate (n = 81) M ± SD or n (%) |
Severe (n = 32) M ± SD or n (%) |
||||||
| DASS (score) for depression | 3.7 ± 2.7 | 14.2 ± 3.1 | 27.7 ± 4.3 | |||||
| Age (years) | 32.8 ± 6.2 | 30.0 ± 6.6 | 32.3 ± 5.6 | 6.1* | 2 | 357 | 0.002** | 0.03 |
| Education (years) | 11.6 ± 3.2 | 10.9 ± 3.2 | 10.0 ± 3.08 | 4.5* | 2 | 357 | 0.01** | 0.003 |
| Weight (kg) | 67 ± 9.9 | 67.1 ± 10.9 | 69.5 ± 8 | 0.8* | 2 | 357 | 0.4** | 0.3 |
| Height (cm) | 158.4 ± 5.4 | 158.8 ± 4.8 | 160 ± 5.3 | 1.1* | 2 | 357 | 0.3** | 0.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 3.5 | 26.6 ± 4.1 | 27.2 ± 3.1 | 0.3* | 2 | 357 | 0.7** | 0.6 |
| Energy (kcal) | 1664.4 ± 692.9 | 1933.6 ± 734.4 | 1585.9 ± 823.5 | 4.9* | 2 | 357 | 0.008** | 0.3 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 233 (94.3) | 72 (88.9) | 27 (84.4) | 2 | 0.06*** | |||
| Unmarried | 14 (5.7) | 9 (11.1) | 5 (15.6) | |||||
| Household income (Toman) | ||||||||
| < 500,000 | 19 (7.8) | 11 (13.9) | 7 (21.9) | 4 | 0.007*** | |||
| 500,000–1,000,000 | 142 (58.2) | 49 (62) | 22 (68.8) | |||||
| ≥ 1,000,000 | 83 (34) | 19 (24.1) | 3 (9.4) | |||||
| Dietary supplement use | ||||||||
| Noc | 197 (79.8) | 64 (79) | 23 (71.9) | 2 | 0.6*** | |||
| Yesd | 50 (20.2) | 17 (21) | 9 (28.1) | |||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Low | 137 (55.5) | 47 (58) | 19 (59.4) | 4 | 0.07*** | |||
| Moderate | 95 (38.5) | 28 (34.6) | 7 (21.9) | |||||
| High | 15 (6.1) | 6 (7.4) | 6 (18.8) | |||||
DASS depression, anxiety, stress scales
* F for ANOVA test
** p value is for ANOVA test, p < 0.05 is statistically significant *** p value is for X 2 test, p < 0.05 is statistically significant
aBetween groups df
bWithin groups df
cLess than three times per week
dThree or more times per week