Table 2. Subgroup analysis in the systematic review of the prevalence of postpartum depression, India, 2000–2015.

Study characteristic	No. of women	No. of studies	Pooled prevalence, % (95% CI)	P	P for meta-regression
All	20 043	38	22 (19–25)
Region
East	11911	3	23 (12-35)	< 0.05	0.63
West	1 968	9	21 (15–28)		0.66
North	2 579	7	15 (10–21)		0.20
South	3 062	16	26 (19–32)		Ref.
North-east	100	1	18 (10–26)		0.81
South-west	423	2	23 (19–27)		0.70
Settinga
Hospital	11 898	29	23 (19–28)	< 0.05	Ref.
Community	7 557	7	17 (13–22)		0.41
Areaa
Urban	11 093	24	24 (19–29)	< 0.05	Ref.
Rural	8 362	12	17 (14–21)		0.16
Study instrument
EPDS	12 840	29	24 (20–28)	< 0.05	Ref.
Othersb	7 203	9	17 (13–22)		0.22
Weeks postpartum
≥ 2	11 257	30	19 (17–22)	< 0.05	Ref.
< 2	8 599c	8	30 (20–39)		0.29
Age of participants, yearsd
≤ 25	3 743	19	20 (16–24)	< 0.05	Ref.
> 25	15 441	15	21 (16–26)		0.25
Study quality score
≤ 5	9 666	21	22 (18–27)	< 0.05	Ref.
> 5	10 377	17	21 (18–25)		0.59
Publication year
2000–2005	1 387	6	19 (11–27)	< 0.05	0.91
2006–2010	6 641	6	27 (23–32)		0.89
2011–2015	12 015	26	21 (18–24)		Ref.

CI: confidence interval; EPDS: Edinburgh postnatal depression scale; Ref.: reference category.

^a Prabhu⁵¹ et al. and Affonso et al.⁵⁶ did not provide information on study setting.

^b Includes diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV); 9-item patient health questionnaire; primary care evaluation of mental disorders; Beck depression inventory; M.I.N.I. international neuropsychiatric interview plus DSM-IV; Kessler 10-item scale; and clinical interview schedule‒revised.

^c Numbers do not total 20 043 as the number of women varies according to the time of assessment postpartum.

^d Dhiman et al.,³⁴ Prakash et al.,³⁶ Manjunath et al.⁴⁴ and Prabhu et al.⁵¹ either did not provide the age of mothers or sufficient data for the analysis.