. 2017 Sep 25;7(21):8989–8998. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3356

Table 2.

Interspecific comparisons on head morphology by accounting for phylogenetic signal

Sexes	Phylogenetic signal (K)		Divergence rates		Integration: crest vs. not (r‐PLS)	Modularity: crest vs. not (CR)	D‐PGLS (F‐value)
Sexes	Shape	Size	Species	Landmarks	Integration: crest vs. not (r‐PLS)	Modularity: crest vs. not (CR)	D‐PGLS (F‐value)
♂	0.667**	0.884*	2.652^ns	3.720**	.870^ns	1.060^ns	1.826^ns
♀	0.835**	0.666^ns	3.127^ns	2.839*	.912*	1.227^ns	1.189^ns

Significance is indicated by: **p‐value < .01, *p‐value < .05, ^ns p‐value > .05.

“r‐PLS” refers to the mean of pairwise PLS correlations (r) between trait partitions, a measurement of phylogenetic morphological integration under Brownian motion model (Adams & Felice, 2014).

“CR” or Covariance Ratio refers to modularity signal between two trait modules of Procrustes‐aligned landmark coordinates in a phylogenetic context (Adams, 2016).

“D‐PGLS” refers to the results of Phylogenetic Procrustes ANOVA (Adams et al., 2016).