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Challenges to targeted drug delivery and possible solutions
| Challenge | Possible solutions | Tested VLPs |
|---|---|---|
| Stabilize nanoparticle | Stabilize with disulfide bonds | HBVc, MS2, Qβ |
| Avoid phagocytes | Display PEG or the CD47 ectodomain | MS2, Qβ, P22, CCMV, CPMV |
| Extravasate from blood vessel | — | — |
| Target specific cells | Display targeting ligands | HBVc, MS2, Qβ, CPMV |
| Escape endosome | Display cell‐penetrating peptides | MS2, P22, CPMV |
| Release cargo | Reduce stabilizing disulfide bonds in cytosol | HBVc, Qβ |
