Table 1.

Summary of preclinical applications of stem and stem‐like cells derived from fetal membranes

Disease(s)	Cell type(s)	Reference(s)
Cardiovascular
Critical limb ischemia	hAMSC, hCMSC	60
	hCMSC	64
Myocardial infarction	hAMSC	61, 62, 63
	hCMSC	65
Stroke	hAEC	66, 67
Neurological
Traumatic brain injury	hAMSC	69
Spinal cord injury	hAMSC	70
	hAEC	74
Optic nerve crush injury	hCMSC	71
Encephalomyelitis	hAEC	72
Parkinson's Disease	hAEC	73
Diabetes	hAEC	75
	hAMSC	76, 77
	hCMSC	78
Gastrointestinal
Proctitis	hAMSC	79
Colitis	hAMSC	80
liver fibrosis	hCMSC	81
	hAEC	82, 83
Respiratory
Pulmonary fibrosis	hAEC	47, 48, 106
	hAMSC, hCMSC	85
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	hAEC	89
Asthma	hAEC	90
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia	hAEC	91, 92
	hCMSC	93
Cystic fibrosis	hAMSC	94
	hAEC	95

Abbreviations: hAEC, human amnion epithelial cells; hAMSC, human amnion mesenchymal stem cells; hCMSCs, human chorionic mesenchymal stem cells.