Table 4. Consumption of Nutrients of Public Health Concern and Nutrients of Potential Concern to Some Groups1 by Breakfast Cluster by Children participating in the 2001–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
| Nutrients of Public Health Concern defined by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans | Shortfall Nutrients Identified by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans | |||||||||
| # | Cluster Name | Dietary Fiber (g) | Vitamin D2 (mcg) | Calcium (mg) | Potassium (mg) | Vitamin A (RAE mcg) | Vitamin C(mg) | Folate DFE (mcg) | Iron (mg) | Magnesium (mg) |
| Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | ||
| Breakfast Consumption Only1 | ||||||||||
| 1 | Gr/LFM/sweets/FJ | 2.6±0.1 | 2.23±0.06 | 317.1±6.5 | 535.4±9.2 | 217.9±5.3 | 24.4±1.3 | 156.6±4.7 | 4.2±0.1 | 52.7±1.2 |
| 2 | No breakfast | |||||||||
| 3 | PSRTEC/LFM | 2.6±0.1 | 4.1±0.1 | 380.3±10.9 | 533.9±13.5 | 353.0±10.4 | 19.6±1.0 | 428.0±17.1 | 8.5±0.2 | 57.2±1.7 |
| 4 | Gr | 2.1±0.1 | 0.4±0.04 | 126.9±8.9 | 210.5±9.8 | 126.8±9.0 | 7.0±1.0 | 100.6±4.1 | 3.1±0.1 | 28.3±1.1 |
| 5 | Eggs/Gr/MPF/FJ | 1.5±0.1 | 3.2±0.2 | 314.9±13.7 | 603.6±19.8 | 260.8±7.8 | 25.9±2.0 | 112.4±4.8 | 3.8±0.1 | 51.6±1.5 |
| 6 | PSRTEC/whole milk | 2.1±0.1 | 4.1±0.1 | 314.0±7.8 | 445.1±11.0 | 286.7±8.8 | 20.0±1.6 | 430.9±22.6 | 8.3±0.4 | 48.1±1.8 |
| 7 | RTEC/LFM | 2.6±0.2 | 4.2±0.1 | 411.8±13.9 | 644.6±23.9 | 308.8±10.4 | 23.7±2.7 | 287.6±22.0 | 6.7±0.4 | 63.2±2.3 |
| 8 | SD/FJ/Gr/potatoes | 2±0.1 | 1.2±0.1 | 192.1±10.5 | 502.2±23.5 | 125.3±9.1 | 41.1±2.5 | 99.5±8.0 | 2.6±0.2 | 44.0±2.5 |
| 9 | RTEC/whole milk | 2.1±0.2 | 4.4±0.2 | 386.9±14.4 | 569.3±18.3 | 242.6±8.7 | 15.1±1.2 | 283.5±13.2 | 6.9±0.3 | 52.6±1.8 |
| 10 | MPF/Gr/FJ | 1.9±0.2 | 1.6±0.2 | 204.8±13.9 | 587.9±29.4 | 97.3±11.3 | 24.0±3.0 | 103.8±9.5 | 3.5±0.2 | 47.7±1.9 |
| 11 | Cooked cereal/milk/FJ | 4.6±0.2 | 1.7±0.2 | 349.7±18.7 | 561.3±30.6 | 406.3±30.5 | 26.1±4.6 | 195.5±11.7 | 7.2±0.4 | 84.8±3.4 |
| 12 | Whole fruit | 3.5±0.2 | 0.3±0.1 | 52.2±10.9 | 371.7±38.2 | 57.0±21.5† | 36.3±7.0 | 36.2±5.9 | 0.7±0.1 | 24.6±2.3 |
| Nutrients of Public Health Concern defined by the 2010Dietary Guidelines for Americans | Shortfall Nutrients Identified by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans | |||||||||
| # | Cluster Name | Dietary Fiber (g) | Vitamin D (mcg) | Calcium (mg) | Potassium (mg) | Vitamin A (RAE mcg) | Vitamin C (mg) | Folate DFE (mcg) | Iron (mg) | Magnesium (mg) |
| Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | Mean±SE | ||
| Total Daily Consumption1 | ||||||||||
| 1 | Gr/LFM/sweets/FJ | 12.8±0.2* | 5.7±0.1* | 1030.8±14.6* | 2237.6±27.3* | 581.4±11.3* | 82.1±2.3 | 491.8±7.4* | 13.8±0.2* | 227.8±2.4* |
| 2 | No breakfast | 12.1±0.2 | 3.7±0.2 | 858.4±20.4 | 2061.9±27.8 | 427.9±17.1 | 80.0±3.5 | 404.9±10.2 | 12.0±0.2 | 211.3±2.6 |
| 3 | PSRTEC/LFM | 13.7±0.3* | 7.7±0.2* | 1143.0±19.9* | 2366.3±31.8* | 746.6±15.5* | 85.4±2.4 | 785.0±18.0* | 18.7±0.2* | 247.6±3.4* |
| 4 | Gr | 12.0±0.2 | 3.3±0.2 | 824.8±20.7 | 1870.4±30.5* | 492.1±22.0 | 71.0±4.0 | 439.7±10.7 | 12.7±0.2 | 201.5±4.1 |
| 5 | Eggs/Gr/MPF/FJ | 11.4±0.3 | 6.4±0.3* | 974.9±26.2* | 2282.0±45.1* | 599.3±18.4* | 85.2±3.8 | 406.1±12.0 | 13.0±0.3 | 219.1±3.8 |
| 6 | PSRTEC/whole milk | 12.7±0.3 | 7.4±0.3* | 1018.7±21.7* | 2221.3±37.5* | 615.1±21.0* | 86.6±4.0 | 769.4±20.4* | 18.2±0.4* | 231.7±3.6* |
| 7 | RTEC/LFM | 13.7±0.3* | 7.9±0.3* | 1200.0±28.5* | 2540.1±51.6* | 739.4±26.5* | 90.6±4.0 | 652.0±27.2* | 17.0±0.5* | 253.1±4.0* |
| 8 | SD/FJ/Gr/potatoes | 11.9±0.2 | 4.5±0.2 | 957.7±23.9* | 2208.1±46.4* | 528.8±26.5* | 108.7±5.0* | 439.4±13.3 | 12.5±0.2 | 222.5±3.9 |
| 9 | RTEC/whole milk | 12.5±0.3 | 8.1±0.2* | 1150.8±17.9* | 2454.7±58.9* | 638.9±46.0* | 88.8±4.9 | 644.6±17.7* | 17.0±0.4* | 241.7±2.8* |
| 10 | MPF/Gr/FJ | 11.4±0.3 | 4.6±0.3 | 812.9±31.7 | 2163.7±49.6 | 395.4±22.3 | 72.9±4.0 | 398.8±20.8 | 12.9±0.6 | 208.4±3.0 |
| 11 | Cooked cereal/milk/FJ | 15.8±0.6* | 5.6±0.5* | 1115.8±43.4* | 2403.7±71.9* | 843.4±41.5* | 90.6±7.4 | 524.6±16.4* | 17.6±0.6* | 276.4±7.3* |
| 12 | Whole fruit | 15.2±0.5* | 3.5±0.4 | 856.6±45.3 | 2416.5±94.6* | 450.3±48.9 | 97.7±14.0 | 442.3±43.9 | 12.4±0.4 | 230.2±6.3* |
Nutrients of public health concern and underconsumed nutrients were identified by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Abbreviations: g = grams, SE = standard error, mcg = micrograms, mg = milligrams, RAE = retinol activity equivalents, DFE = dietary folate equivalents; Gr = Grain; LFM = lower fat milk; FJ = fruit juice; PSRTEC = pre-sweetened ready-to-eat cereal; MPF = meat, poultry, fish; RTEC = ready-to-eat cereal; SD = soft drinks
1Covariates: Age, gender, race/ethnicity, poverty income ratio grouped into three categories as (< 1.25, 1.25–3.49, and > 3.49), physical activity level (sedentary, moderate and vigorous), alcohol intake (g/d), energy intake for nutrient related variables, ratio of reported energy intake to predicted energy intake from IOM equations (predicted energy intake is TEE for overweight children and EER otherwise).
2Vitamin D = D2 + D3
∗ Statistically different from No Breakfast; with the Bonferroni correction effective p < 0.0042; † not statistically different from No Breakfast