Table 2. Dietary behavior, physical activity and anthropometric variables among ASEAN undergraduate students.
| Variable |
Indonesia |
Laos |
Malaysia |
Myanmar |
Philippines |
Singapore |
Thailand |
Vietnam |
All |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
| Behavior | |||||||||
| No meals/day | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.9 (0.5) | 2.7 (0.5) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.6) | 2.9 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.6) | 2.7 (0.7) |
| No snacks/day | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.0) | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.2 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.1) | 1.1 (0.8) | 1.6 (1.1) |
| No servings of fruits/day | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.2 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.8) | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.1 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.4 (0.9) |
| No servings of vegetables/day | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.7 (0.9) | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.0) |
| % |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
|
| Not almost daily breakfast | 59.5 | 54.8 | 49.5 | 32.5 | 46.4 | 37.5 | 70.6 | 49.2 | 53.2 |
| Read meat at least once a day | 20.6 | 42.7 | 52.7 | 96.0 | 64.7 | 79.6 | 62.2 | 70.1 | 58.7 |
| Avoiding fatty foods and cholesterol | 46.3 | 29.5 | 37.7 | 43.1 | 28.6 | 43.7 | 49.5 | 33.7 | 40.2 |
| Trying to eat fiber | 70.3 | 27.8 | 41.8 | 3.9 | 31.9 | 38.3 | 62.6 | 75.5 | 48.4 |
| Physical activity | |||||||||
| Low | 56.3 | 49.9 | 39.9 | 87.5 | 41.7 | 38.7 | 51.0 | 33.3 | 49.9 |
| Moderate | 34.6 | 21.6 | 45.8 | 12.5 | 38.6 | 38.6 | 31.4 | 41.2 | 33.6 |
| High | 9.1 | 28.5 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 19.7 | 19.7 | 17.6 | 25.5 | 16.6 |
| Sitting 8 hours or more a day | 20.4 | 31.0 | 17.5 | 0.0 | 57.0 | 34.5 | 19.5 | 52.8 | 31.5 |
| Anthropometry1 | |||||||||
| Weight (kg)-Male | 65.4 (14.1) | 56.7 (7.7) | 66.4 (14.9) | 68.9 (12.9) | 61.0 (13.9) | 66.4 (11.8) | 64.5 (11.9) | 59.7 (7.8) | 62.3 (12.8) |
| Weight (kg)-Female | 51.5 (11.5) | 50.5 (8.8) | 53.5 (11.4) | 53.4 (13.5) | 49.4 (10.4) | 52.4 (8.6) | 53.6 (9.7) | 48.0 (5.3) | 51.0 (9.9) |
| Height (cms)-Male | 169.4 (7.6) | 163.3 (6.8) | 169.9 (6.5) | 170.2 (8.8) | 166.0 (6.9) | 173.6 (6.6) | 171.7 (6.2) | 167.9 (5.2) | 168.9 (7.0) |
| Height (cms)-Female | 156.6 (6.2) | 155.7 (6.4) | 157.0 (6.1) | 157.6 (7.2) | 154.1 (5.6) | 160.9 (5.7) | 160.7 (5.5) | 155.6 (5.2) | 157.2 (6.2) |
| Waist (cms)-Male | 77.2 (19.2) | 74.7 (5.4) | 77.8 (12.1) | 67.7 (17.0) | 76.1 (10.3) | 79.3 (8.7) | 78.5 (8.8) | 75.0 (7.0) | 76.2 (10.7) |
| Waist (cms)- Female | 69.7 (10.5) | 71.2 (7.1) | 71.6 (9.5) | 63.5 (9.7) | 68.3 (7.4) | 67.6 (7.4) | 71.0 (8.1) | 68.9 (5.7) | 69.7 (8.2) |
| BMI-Male | 22.7 (4.7) | 21.3 (2.8) | 22.9 (4.9) | 23.5 (7.3) | 22.1 (4.6) | 22.1 (4.0) | 21.4 (3.7) | 21.2 (2.5) | 22.2 (4.6) |
| BMI-Female | 20.9 (4.1) | 20.8 (3.6) | 21.7 (4.3) | 21.5 (5.4) | 20.7 (3.5) | 20.2 (2.9) | 20.7 (3.5) | 19.8 (2.0) | 20.8 (4.3) |
| % |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
|
| BMI overweight-Male | 14.8 | 12.7 | 12.5 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 17.1 | 11.2 | 14.9 | 12.3 |
| BMI overweight-Female | 8.0 | 8.4 | 11.2 | 7.5 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 7.3 | 5.2 | 8.4 |
| BMI obesity-Male | 23.3 | 11.2 | 25.6 | 24.2 | 19.6 | 12.2 | 14.3 | 7.4 | 24.2 |
| BMI obesity-Female | 10.6 | 10.4 | 15.8 | 15.4 | 8.4 | 5.8 | 9.9 | 1.0 | 9.3 |
| High WHtR-Male | 30.9 | 9.3 | 21.4 | 14.3 | 20.9 | 17.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 16.6 |
| High WHtR-Female | 11.9 | 14.5 | 20.1 | 5.0 | 10.6 | 2.2 | 11.8 | 6.1 | 12.1 |
| High WC-Male | 23.6 | 2.8 | 14.5 | 8.2 | 10.7 | 11.7 | 7.4 | 3.9 | 9.4 |
| High WC-Female | 8.5 | 10.9 | 17.7 | 6.4 | 7.5 | 3.3 | 13.4 | 3.6 | 10.1 |
1 Waist circumference data were only available for a subset of students from Indonesia (N = 231), Singapore (N = 201), and Thailand (N = 479); M: Mean; SD: Standard Deviation; BMI (Body Mass Index) ≥ 25 kg/m2 = obesity; WHtR (Waist-to-height ratio of) >0.5 = High; WC (Waist Circumference high) ≥80 cms in females, ≥90 cms in males.