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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Food Compost Anal. 2017 Jul 25;63:79–88. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.07.037

Table 2. Definitions and contents of The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) food (sub-) groups.

Food groups Definition and examples of content WEIGHT
CEREALS Various types, e.g. cracked, flour, flakes, grit
Rice Various types of rice; Two groups will be separated:
 Rice milk Liquid
 Dry or parboiled rice Dry
Wheat Various types of wheat (e.g. wheat flour, wheat flakes) Dry
Rye Various types of rye (e.g. rye flour, rye flakes) Dry
Oats Various types of oats; Two groups will be separated:
 Dry oats Dry
 Oat milk Liquid
Barley Various types of barley (e.g. barley flour, barley flakes) Dry
Corn Corn meal, polenta Dry
Other gluten free flours and starches Non-gluten cereals that cannot be categorized to any of the previous categories, e.g. millet, buckwheat, quinoa, tapioca as well as potato flour starch, wheat starch Dry
FRUIT AND BERRIES Various types, e.g. fresh, cooked, canned, juice, purees (Fruit purees are counted as such under their corresponding fruit group, i.e. prepared)
Citrus fruit Clementine, grapefruit, lemon, lime, mandarin, orange, tangerine Raw
Apple Apple Raw
Berries Strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, lingonberry, bilberry, cloudberry, blackberry, rose hip, acai, cranberry, arctic brambleberry Raw
Other fruits Banana, nectarine, peach, pineapple, pear, plum, melons, grapes, pomegranate, coconut, kiwi, passion fruit, cherry Raw
Canned fruits All canned fruits are grouped together Raw
Dried fruits and berries Apricot, cranberries, raisins, currants Dry
Citrus juice Orange-, grapefruit-, tangerine juice (100% juice) Liquid
Apple juice Apple juice (100% juice), apple cider Liquid
Berry juices All 100% berry juices Liquid
Other fruit juices Cherry-, pineapple juice (100% juice) Liquid
Mixed Juices Mixtures of berry and apple juices Liquid
Juices, mixture of vegetable and fruit ACE-juice, i.e. a mixture of carrot and apple/orange Liquid
VEGETABLES Various types, e.g. fresh, cooked, canned, juice
Potatoes Various types of potatoes including cooked, baked, boiled, roasted or pan-fried potatoes, French fries, dried potatoes, potato flakes, and potato chips Raw
Roots, sweet potatoes Sweet potato, carrot, rutabaga, radish, cassava, yams, celery root, turnip, radish, lotus root, water chestnut Raw
Leafy vegetables Lettuce, arugula, celery stem, mustard green, spinach, asparagus, artichoke, Swiss chard, beet leaves, fresh basil, fresh coriander, Alfalfa Raw
Cabbages Kale, red cabbage, Chinese cabbage, Savoy, bok choy, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, collard green, Sauerkraut Raw
Fruit vegetables Tomato, eggplant, peppers, zucchini and other squashes, cucumber, plantain, avocado, pumpkin, fresh corn, okra, heart of palm, bamboo sprouts Raw
Onions All types of onion (e.g. white, yellow, red), spring onion, leek, chives, garlic Raw
Mushrooms All wild and cultivated mushrooms Raw
Legumes, beans, peas Lentils, red, kidney, white, lima, black, green beans, peasNote: Dried peas, lentils are not converted to raw! This applies for FIN and GER, not SWE and US Raw
Vegetables, dried All types of dried vegetables (except legumes, beans and peas) Dry
Vegetables, canned All types of canned vegetables Prepared
Vegetable juices Carrot juice, beet juice, vegetable juices like V8, all 100% vegetable juices Liquid
SOY
Soy beans Soy nuts, flour, germs, roasted bean Raw
Soy products Soy tofu and cheese, curd Prepared
Soy milk Soy milk and cream Liquid
Soy dessert Soy pudding, soy yoghurt, soy ice cream Prepared
Soy sausage Prepared
Soy sauce All varieties, e.g. Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese soy sauce Liquid
NUTS, SEEDS Various types, e.g. grounded, crushed, flakes, milk
Nuts, seeds Various types of nuts; Three groups will be separated:
 Nut/seed milks, e.g. almond milk, coconut milk Liquid
 Chestnut, peanut, walnut, pistachio, pecan, cashew, sunflower seed, pumpkin seed, sesame, pine nut, macadamia Raw
 Nut spreads Prepared
FATS AND OILS
Vegetable oils Canola-, olive- sunflower-, corn oils, various nut oils (= liquid at room temperature) Prepared
Solid vegetable fat Vegetable fats such as palm oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and shortening (= naturally solid at room temperature) Prepared
Fish oil All fish oils Prepared
Animal fats Lard, tallow Prepared
Butter Two groups will be separated, i.e. butter with a fat content <50% and ≥50% Prepared
Margarines Two groups will be separated, i.e. margarine with a fat content <50% and ≥50% Prepared
Butter-margarine mixtures Two groups will be separated, i.e. butter-margarine mixtures with a fat content <50% and ≥50% Prepared
MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS Various types, e.g. slices, shredded, cubes form is taken into account: powder conversion to liquid form
Breast milk Human breast milk Raw
Fat-free milk Cow's milk or sweetened milk drinks such as cocoa <1% Raw
Low-fat milk Cow's milk or sweetened milk drinks such as cocoa 1-2% Raw
High-fat milk Cow's milk or sweetened milk drinks such as cocoa >2% and ≤5% Raw
Other animal milk Horse-, goat-, sheep milk Raw
Creams Creams >5% fat Prepared
Ice cream All dairy ice creams Prepared
Sour milk and sour milk products Sour milk, yogurt, kefir, cultured milk, butter milk, sour cream, crème fraiche Prepared
Cheese Various types of cheese; Two groups will be separated:
 Fresh cheeses, e.g. Cottage cheese, cream cheese and other similar cheese spreads, homemade cheese, mozzarella Prepared
 Aged cheeses, e.g. Gouda, Emmentaler, Edam, Gruyere, Camembert, Brie, cheese spreads (e.g. in tubes, contain often aged cheese, check the ingredients first before categorization), blue cheese like Roquefort, Finnish “sulatejuusto” (made out of Edam) Prepared
Whey Liquid whey, whey concentrate, whey isolate (powders/concentrates are converted to liquid) Liquid
NON-DAIRY PRODUCTS
Non-dairy products Non-dairy yoghurts, ice cream/desserts, kefirs, creams, e.g. almond, rice, oat yoghurt and ice cream Prepared
MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS Various types, e.g. fillet, minced, cold-cuts
Pork Pork, including non-cured bacon Raw
Beef Beef, veal Raw
Poultry Various poultry meat, e.g. goose, duck, game bird, pheasant Raw
Lamb, goat, horse Lamb, goat meat, horse Raw
Game Various game meat, e.g. rabbit, venison, deer, elk Raw
Processed meats and sausages Cold-cuts, sausages, brawn, bologna, spam, liver sausage, smoked meat, cured bacon Prepared
Organ meats/offal Offal from all kind of meat types Raw
FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS Various types, e.g. fillet, whole fish (edible part)
Fresh and frozen fish All types of fresh and frozen fish Raw
Processed fish Pickled, fermented, dried or smoked fish Prepared
Canned fish All types of canned fish e.g. canned tuna, salmon Prepared
Shellfish, other seafood Shrimp, clam, crawfish, oysters, crab, caviar, lobster, crab cake as well as canned shell fish Raw
EGGS Various types, e.g. cooked, poached, fried form is taken into account: powder, conversion to raw liquid form
Eggs All type of eggs, e.g. chicken, duck, goose; Egg powder will be converted back to raw Raw
BEVERAGES Various types; form is taken into account: powder conversion to liquid form
Coffee Coffee, consider powders Liquid
Tea Teas from tea plant, unsweetened ice tea, powders e.g. lemon tea; not including herbal or fruit teas Liquid
Light Beverages including cola Unsweetened or artificially sweetened / low-calorie (e.g. Stevia) sweetened soft drinks, fruit and berry drinks, ice, and nectar as well as instant teas (≤20kcal/100g) Liquid
Sugar sweetened beverages including cola Sugar sweetened soft drinks, fruit and berry drinks, ice, and nectar as well as regular ice tea, instant teas (>20kcal/100g) Liquid
Alcohol All types, e.g. wine, beer, cognac, brandy, liquor Liquid
CONFECTIONARY
Sweets Total sugar candies, non-chocolate power- and energy bars, candy mixtures with chocolate as minor component Prepared
Chocolate High-fat sweets, chocolate, M&M, raisins with chocolate, and chocolate power- and energy bars, cocoa powder in a cocoa drink will not be counted, cocoa as liquid is grouped under the corresponding milk group (see above) Prepared
INFANT FORMULAS Various types; form is taken into account: powder conversion to liquid form
Regular cow's milk based infant formulas All types of regular cow's milk based infant formulas Liquid
Partially hydrolyzed cow's milk based infant formulas All types of partially hydrolyzed cow's milk based infant formulas Liquid
Fully hydrolyzed cow's milk based infant formulas and amino acid (elemental) formulas All types of fully hydrolyzed cow's milk based infant formulas and amino acid infant formulas Liquid
Soy base infant formulas All types of soy based infant formulas Liquid
Other non-dairy infant formulas All types of non-dairy infant formulas Liquid
Other animal (dairy) infant formulas All types of infant formulas from goat, sheep or horse milk Liquid
MISC.
Ketchup Various types Prepared