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. 2017 Nov 16;7:15723. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15998-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) j-V characteristics of standalone top and bottom cells under well-functioning or shunt conditions, respectively. (b,c) j-V characteristics of a tandem cell in which the subcells are all well-functioning or partially shunted (b) under the dark state, or (c) under white light illumination. (d–f) j-V characteristics under white light, blue light, or red light illumination of a tandem cell in which (d) the subcells are all well-functioning, (e) the top subcell is shunted, or (f) the bottom subcell is shunted.