Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by tertiles of energy-adjusted nuts consumption at baseline (2006–2008) and after 6.2 years of follow-up (2012–2015): Tehran Lipid and Glucose study a.
| Tertiles of Nuts Consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | p b | |
| Participants (n) | 419 | 425 | 421 | |
| Age (years) | 36.7 ± 11.9 | 36.2 ± 11.1 | 38.9 ± 12.6 d | <0.001 |
| females (%) | 54.9 | 54.6 | 58.7 | 0.44 |
| Physical activity (MET h-week) | 41.1 ± 78.8 | 35.4 ± 53.1 | 34.9 ± 51.3 | 0.27 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 19.1 | 19.1 | 19.7 | 0.79 |
| Academic degrees (%) | 34.7 | 33.6 | 36.5 | 0.80 |
| Occupational status, employed (%) | 37.6 | 41.8 | 39.5 | 0.73 |
| Current smoking (%) | 13.0 | 12.2 | 7.0 | 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 4.8 | 24.4 ± 4.7 | 22.4 ± 4.2 | 0.99 |
| Obese (%) | 59.8 | 58.0 | 59.8 | 0.84 |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs (%) | 75.7 | 67.1 | 78.2 | 0.38 |
| Anti-hyperglycemia drugs (%) | 85.7 | 83.3 | 83.3 | 0.98 |
| Hypolipidemic drugs (%) | 72.5 | 72.7 | 76.5 | 0.88 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| At baseline | 107 ± 0.6 | 108 ± 0.6 | 108 ± 0.6 | 0.70 |
| After 6.2 years | 113 ± 0.7 | 112 ± 0.7 | 110 ± 0.7 c | 0.02 |
| Diastolic Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| At baseline | 72.1 ± 0.4 | 71.3 ± 0.4 | 72.0 ± 0.4 | 0.49 |
| After 6.2 years | 76.7 ± 0.5 | 76.0 ± 0.5 | 75.8 ± 0.5 | 0.30 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) | ||||
| At baseline | 91.5 ± 0.6 | 86.2 ± 0.6 | 80.2 ± 0.6 c,d | 0.04 |
| After 6.2 years | 95.3 ± 0.9 | 93.5 ± 0.8 | 84.1 ± 0.9 c,d | 0.02 |
| Serum triglyceride (mg/dL) | ||||
| At baseline | 126 ± 3.4 | 127 ± 3.3 | 123 ± 3.4 | 0.68 |
| After 6.2 years | 137 ± 4.0 | 141 ± 3.9 | 126 ± 3.5 c,d | 0.01 |
| Serum HDL-C (mg/dL) | ||||
| At baseline | 43.0 ± 0.5 | 43.5 ± 0.5 | 45.2 ± 0.5 c,d | 0.007 |
| After 6.2 years | 50.0 ± 0.6 | 49.6 ± 0.6 | 51.0 ± 0.6 | 0.26 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| At baseline | 86.9 ± 0.6 | 87.3 ± 0.6 | 86.6 ± 0.6 | 0.74 |
| After 6.2 years | 93.4 ± 0.5 | 91.9 ± 0.5 | 90.5 ± 0.5 c | 0.04 |
BMI, Body Mass Index; obese, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; MET, metabolic equivalent; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; a Mean ± SE for all these values, except for variables was determined. b p values determined using ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. Significantly different from tertile 1 (Tukey pairwise comparisons in general linear model) p < 0.05. Significantly different from tertile 2 (Tukey pairwise comparisons in general linear model) p < 0.05.