Table 2.
Baseline dietary intakes of participants by tertiles of energy-adjusted nut consumption at baseline examination (2006–2008): Tehran Lipid and Glucose study.
| Tertiles of Nuts Consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | p | |
| Almonds (serving/week) | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.8 ± 0.04 | <0.001 |
| Peanuts (serving/week) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Pistachios (serving/week) | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.31 ± 0.04 | <0.001 |
| Hazelnuts (serving/week) | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Walnuts (servings/week) | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 2054 ± 695 | 2313 ± 689 | 2465 ± 680 a,b | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (% of total energy) | 56.7 ± 7.8 | 57.8 ± 6.8 | 56.9 ± 6.3 | 0.04 |
| Protein (% of total energy) | 13.5 ± 2.5 | 13.6 ± 2.1 | 13.8 ± 2.3 | 0.03 |
| Fat (% of total energy) | 31.7 ± 7.8 | 31.0 ± 6.6 | 32.3 ± 6.0 a | 0.01 |
| SFA (% of total energy) | 10.5 ± 3.1 | 10.6 ± 3.0 | 10.9 ± 3.6 | 0.22 |
| MUFA (% of total energy) | 11.1 ± 3.1 | 10.7 ± 2.6 | 10.9 ± 2.4 | 0.11 |
| PUFA (% of total energy) | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 6.7 ± 2.2 a,b | 0.01 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 294 ± 5.4 | 335 ± 5.3 | 349 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/day) | 70.0 ± 1.3 | 78.8 ± 1.3 | 84.2 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/day) | 72.8 ± 1.5 | 79.5 ± 1.46 | 87.6 ± 1.47 | <0.001 |
| SFA (g/day) | 29.4 ± 0.6 | 28.1 ± 0.6 | 29.7 ± 0.6 | 0.53 |
| MUFA (g/day) | 25.6 ± 0.5 | 26.6 ± 0.5 | 26.8 ± 0.5 | 0.45 |
| PUFA (g/day) | 15.4 ± 0.3 | 16.1 ± 0.4 | 18.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Total fiber (g/day) | 34.4 ± 21.9 | 37.8 ± 18.8 | 39.7 ± 18.3 a,b | 0.02 |
| Cholesterol (g/day) | 209 ± 191 | 227 ± 111 | 243 ± 121 | 0.78 |
| Vegetable (g/day) | 315 ± 216 | 359 ± 247 | 397 ± 242 | 0.11 |
| Fruit (g/day) | 273 ± 230 | 358 ± 270 | 473 ± 295 a,b | 0.001 |
| Meat, poultry, fish (g/day) | 44.0 ± 34.2 | 47.8 ± 33.7 | 49.4 ± 37.9 | 0.71 |
| Whole grain (g/day) | 73.7 ± 89.2 | 94.1 ± 116.3 | 97.0 ± 98.6 | 0.40 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 15.6 ± 21.8 | 18.2 ± 18.2 | 20.5 ± 20.4 | 0.39 |
| Dairy products (g/day) | 395 ± 268 | 474 ± 333 | 512 ± 309 | 0.07 |
SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Data are mean and SE, adjusted for energy intakes. p value determined using general linear model. a Significantly different from tertile 1 (Tukey pairwise comparison in general linear model) p < 0.05. b Significantly different from tertile 2 (Tukey pairwise comparison in general linear model) p < 0.05.