Table 4.
Stratified analyses of the consumption of energy-adjusted nuts (total) and their various types (per se) at baseline examination (2006–2008) by family history of diabetes, age and body mass index on the risk of metabolic syndrome: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
| Family History of Diabetes | Age (Years) | Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | 19–45 | ≥45 | <25 | ≥25 | |
| Total nuts | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tertile 2 | 0.77 (0.33–1.78) | 0.99 (0.60–1.35) | 1.09 (0.73–1.62) | 0.83 (0.59–1.18) | 2.19 (0.91–5.28) | 0.75 (0.51–1.10) |
| Tertile 3 | 0.27 (0.11–0.69) | 0.86 (0.30–0.93) | 0.79 (0.37–0.97) | 0.49 (0.33–0.71) | 1.25 (0.46–3.39) | 0.43 (0.28–0.66) |
| p for trend a | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.032 | 0.001 | 0.25 | 0.001 |
| Walnuts | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tertile 2 | 0.73 (0.49–1.09) | 1.48 (0.65–3.37) | 1.11 (0.75–1.66) | 0.87 (0.62–1.23) | 1.14 (0.64–3.22) | 0.71 (0.49–1.04) |
| Tertile 3 | 0.39 (0.25–0.61) | 0.81 (0.20–0.93) | 0.93 (0.46–1.17) | 0.52 (0.36–0.76) | 0.83 (0.27–1.93) | 0.52 (0.34–0.79) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.002 | 0.32 | 0.009 |
| Almonds | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tertile 2 | 0.74 (0.31–1.74) | 1.33 (0.69–1.54) | 1.21 (0.79–1.85) | 1.02 (0.71–1.46) | 1.65 (0.65–4.21) | 0.85 (0.57–1.26) |
| Tertile 3 | 0.71 (0.12–1.65) | 1.31 (0.85–2.03) | 0.91 (0.53–1.23) | 0.79 (0.56–1.12) | 1.70 (0.71–4.06) | 0.59 (0.40–0.87) |
| p for trend | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.02 |
| Hazelnus | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tertile 2 | 1.05 (0.46–2.41) | 0.81 (0.53–1.23) | 0.72 (0.47–1.10) | 1.02 (0.71–1.46) | 1.04 (0.41–2.66) | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) |
| Tertile 3 | 0.88 (0.37–2.08) | 1.25 (0.83–1.87) | 0.95 (0.62–1.44) | 1.39 (0.85–1.53) | 1.07 (0.82–2.70) | 1.78 (0.53–1.15) |
| P for trend | 0.92 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.37 |
| Peanuts | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tertile 2 | 1.21 (0.48–2.61) | 1.01 (0.65–1.55) | 1.22 (0.65–1.59) | 0.98 (0.67–1.41) | 1.42 (0.58–3.48) | 0.87 (0.58–1.32) |
| Tertile 3 | 0.88 (0.36–2.13) | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) | 1.18 (0.58–1.35) | 0.94 (0.66–1.33) | 1.24 (0.42–2.53) | 0.85 (0.58–1.24) |
| p for trend | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.67 | 0.68 |
| Pistachio | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tertile 2 | 0.83 (0.35–1.96) | 0.92 (0.59–1.41) | 1.03 (0.66–1.61) | 0.89 (0.59–1.21) | 0.48 (0.21–1.09) | 0.98 (0.52–1.06) |
| Tertile 3 | 1.03 (0.44–2.37) | 1.31 (0.86–1.98) | 1.30 (0.84–2.01) | 0.67 (0.47–1.11) | 0.51 (0.29–1.11) | 1.41 (0.75–1.26) |
| p for trend | 0.87 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.43 |
a The median intake of each tertile category was assigned and then these quartile median variables were included as a continuous variable in logistic regression. Data are odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Data were adjusted for family history of diabetes, age, gender, smoking, physical activity, fasting serum glucose at baseline, serum HDL cholesterol at baseline, total energy intake, total fiber, percent of protein, percent of carbohydrates, percent of total fat and cholesterol intake, fruit, vegetables, and dairy products and BMI.