Table 2.
Clinical trials that evaluated the effect of different concentrations of olive oil phenolic compounds on inflammatory markers in patients with cardiovascular risk and CAD.
| Reference | Population | Sample Size | Design | Duration | Intervention Group | Control Group | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visioli [127] | Patients with mild dyslipidemia | 22 | RCCT | 2 × 7 weeks run-in: 3 weeks—ROO washout: 4 weeks—ROO |
40 mL EVOO: 166 mg/L total HT |
40 mL ROO: 2 mg/L total HT |
↓ 20% TXB2 → Urinary excretion (24 h) of F2-isoprostanes (8-iso-PGF2α) |
| Pacheco [150] | Healthy subjects and patients with hypertriglyceridemia | 28 | RCCT | post-prandial (8 h) high-fat meal (72%) and 50 g noodles washout: 1 week run-in: 1 week—diet NCEP I + EVOO or ROO |
50 g/kg² body surface area EVOO: 1125 mg/kg total polyphenols and 350 mg/kg tocopherols |
50 g/kg² body surface area ROO: without polyphenols or tocopherols |
Healthy and hypertriglyceridemia: smaller increment of the area under the sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 curve |
| Fitó [18] | Patients with stable CAD | 28 | RCCT | 2 × 3 weeks washout: 2 weeks—ROO |
50 mL VOO: 161 mg/kg total phenolic compounds |
50 mL ROO: 14.67 mg/kg total phenolic compounds |
↓IL-6, ↓CRP, → sVCAM-1, →sICAM-1 |
| Damasceno [144] | Patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia, without drug therapy or hormone replacement | 18 | RCCT | 3 × 4 weeks run-in: 4 weeks MeDiet without washout among interventions |
35–50 g MeDiet + VOO: 343 mg/kg total polyphenols |
40–65 g MeDiet + walnuts: 13 mg/kg total polyphenols 50–75 g MeDiet + almonds: 11 mg/kg total polyphenols |
→ CRP, → sVCAM-1, →sICAM-1 |
| Moreno-Luna [19] | Women at stage 1 of essential hypertension or normal-high BP | 24 | RCCT | 2 × 8 weeks run-in: 16 weeks—MeDiet washout: 4 weeks—MeDiet |
60 mL MeDiet + VOO: 564 mg/kg–30 mg/day total polyphenols |
60 mL MeDiet + ROO: without polyphenols |
↓ CRP ↓ ADMA |
| Perez-Herrer [149] | Obese subjects | 20 | RCCT | post-prandial (2 and 4 h)—breakfast containing milk and muffins (made with different types of oils) | 0.45 mL of oil/kg of body weight VOO: 400 mg/kg antioxidant phenols |
0.45 mL of oil/kg of body weight SFO SOD: sunflower oil/canola oil + 2 mg of dimethylpolysiloxane SOP: sunflower oil/canola oil + 400 mg/kg VOO-phenol compounds extracted from the residue of olive oil production alperujo |
VOO and SOP vs. SFO: ↓ NF-kB activation, ↑ protein level IkB-α, ↓ plasma LPS concentration → Levels of subunit mRNAs and NF-kB activators (p65, IKKβ, IKKα), inflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MIF, c-Jun N-terminal kinase) |
| Widmer [141] | Patients with early atherosclerosis (endothelial dysfunction) | 82 | Paralell RCT | 16 weeks usual diet |
30 mL VOO + EGCG: 600 mg/kg total polyphenols |
30 mL VOO: 340 mg/kg total polyphenols |
VOO + EGCG vs. VOO: no differences OO (VOO and VOO + EGCG): ↓ sICAM-1, ↓ monocytes, ↓ lymphocytes, ↓ platelets, ↓ leukocytes ↑ plasma 8-isoprostanes |
| Camargo [148] | Patients with metabolic syndrome and no drug treatment | 49 | RCCT | post-prandial (4 h)—breakfast containing white bread and VOO Washout: 6 weeks—low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet |
40 mL VOO with concentrations of phenolic compounds: High: 398 mg/kg Intermediate: 149 mg/kg Low: 70 mg/kg |
High: → LPS, inhibited NF-κB, → serum levels IL-6, → TLR4 protein High vs. Low/intermediate: ↓ expression IL-6 High vs. Intermediate: ↓ IL-1β expression Low: ↑ NF- kB p65 subunit, ↑ serum IL-6 levels; ↑ TLR4 protein, ↑ LPS Low vs. High: 4 h postprandial, higher levels of LPS ↑ expression of TNF-α independent phenolic content |
|
| Santangelo [145] | Overweight and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without insulin therapy | 11 | RCCT | 2 × 4 weeks usual diet |
25 mL EVOO: 577 mg/kg total phenolic compounds |
25 mL ROO: without phenolic compounds |
→ high-sensitive CRP, → IL-6, → TNF-α |
↑: increase; → maintenance or no effect; ↓: decrease; RCT: randomized clinical trial; RCCT: randomized crossover clinical trials; OO: olive oil; ROO: refined olive oil; VOO: virgin olive oil; EVOO: extra virgin olive oil; HT: hydroxytyrosol; TXB2: thromboxane B2; NCEP: National Cholesterol Education Program; sICAM-1: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; sVCAM-1: soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; CAD: coronary artery disease; IL-6: interleukin-6; CRP: C-reactive protein; ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; SFO: sunflower oil; IκB-α: alpha inhibitor of NF-κB; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; MIF: inhibitory factor of macrophage migration; MeDiet: Mediterranean diet; BP: blood pressure; EGCG: epigallocatechin 3-gallate; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.