Table 1.
Baseline characteristics * by milk consumption, the Health Examinee Study-Gem (HEXA-G) study, 2004–2013.
| Milk Consumption | p-Value † | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non or Rarely | ≤2/Week | 3–6/Week | ≥1/Day | |||
| Men (N = 43,786) | 18,972 | 11,588 | 5936 | 7186 | ||
| Age (years) | 54.2 ± 8.2 | 52.7 ± 8.4 | 53.0 ± 8.4 | 53.9 ± 8.6 | <0.0001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 2.8 | 24.5 ± 2.7 | 24.4 ± 2.7 | 24.3 ± 2.7 | 0.0006 | |
| ≥College or above, n (%) | 6352 (34.0) | 4495 (39.2) | 2376 (40.6) | 2764 (38.9) | <0.0001 | |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 6257 (33.1) | 3660 (31.7) | 1736 (29.4) | 2055 (28.7) | <0.0001 | |
| Current drinkers, n (%) | 13,679 (72.2) | 8606 (74.4) | 4371 (73.8) | 5101 (71.2) | 0.5511 | |
| Regular exercisers, n (%) | 10,152 (53.6) | 6698 (57.9) | 3584 (60.6) | 4477 (62.4) | <0.0001 | |
| Dietary Intake | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1730.8 ± 437.3 | 1835.1 ± 449.6 | 1960.5 ± 468.3 | 2054.2 ± 492.8 | <0.0001 | |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 312.8 ± 75.0 | 324.4 ± 76.5 | 338.3 ± 78.8 | 348.1 ± 83.3 | <0.0001 | |
| Protein (g) | 56.6 ± 20.5 | 61.5 ± 20.6 | 68.3 ± 21.8 | 73.8 ± 23.1 | <0.0001 | |
| Fat (g) | 25.5 ± 14.3 | 29.8 ± 14.5 | 34.9 ± 15.4 | 39.0 ± 16.0 | <0.0001 | |
| Calcium (mg) | 325.2 ± 169.7 | 380.7 ± 167.6 | 509.3 ± 183.1 | 666.0 ± 234.9 | <0.0001 | |
| Grain (g) | 643.9 ± 207.0 | 611.8 ± 192.3 | 572.9 ± 188.3 | 545.2 ± 189.1 | <0.0001 | |
| Vegetable (g) | 129.3 ± 102.0 | 129.3 ± 92.6 | 137.9 ± 95.3 | 138.3 ± 97.1 | <0.0001 | |
| Fruit (g) | 141.5 ± 144.0 | 140.6 ± 126.8 | 151.8 ± 132.0 | 160.7 ± 137.6 | <0.0001 | |
| Meat (g) | 41.0 ± 34.9 | 43.5 ± 31.6 | 42.1 ± 31.1 | 38.2 ± 30.7 | <0.0001 | |
| Non or Rarely | ≤2/Week | 3–6/Week | 1/Day | ≥2/Day | ||
| Women (N = 86,738) | 30,025 | 21,970 | 14,529 | 17,608 | 2606 | |
| Age, years | 53.1 ± 7.9 | 51.3 ± 7.7 | 51.5 ± 7.6 | 52.9 ± 7.7 | 52.2 ± 7.5 | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 3.0 | 23.6 ± 3.0 | 23.5 ± 2.8 | 23.6 ± 2.9 | 23.5 ± 2.8 | <0.0001 |
| ≥ College or above, n (%) | 4799 (16.2) | 4578 (21.1) | 3239 (22.6) | 3639 (20.9) | 585 (22.8) | <0.0001 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 744 (2.5) | 424 (1.9) | 272 (1.9) | 369 (2.1) | 62 (2.4) | 0.0291 |
| Current drinkers, n (%) | 8376 (28.0) | 7144 (32.6) | 4762 (33.0) | 5368 (30.6) | 787 (30.4) | <0.0001 |
| Regular exercisers, n (%) | 13,814 (46.1) | 11,018 (50.2) | 7949 (54.8) | 9929 (56.5) | 1565 (60.3) | <0.0001 |
| Dietary Intake | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1556.4 ± 456.2 | 1635.9 ± 466.3 | 1758.4 ± 484.5 | 1838.2 ± 489.5 | 2093.8 ± 555.7 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 287.8 ± 81.9 | 295.9 ± 83.4 | 309.4 ± 85.4 | 318.1 ± 85.9 | 342.0 ± 95.7 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (g) | 50.5 ± 20.0 | 54.2 ± 20.0 | 61.0 ± 21.3 | 65.7 ± 21.7 | 80.6 ± 27.3 | <0.0001 |
| Fat (g) | 20.7 ± 12.8 | 24.4 ± 13.3 | 29.3 ± 14.3 | 32.6 ± 14.3 | 44.8 ± 17.1 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 329.0 ± 184.2 | 380.2 ± 182.7 | 508.0 ± 194.4 | 633.5 ± 206.4 | 1053.1 ± 383.2 | <0.0001 |
| Grain (g) | 572.4 ± 216.6 | 536.9 ± 201.8 | 497.0 ± 189.9 | 470.6 ± 184.9 | 387.8 ± 181.0 | <0.0001 |
| Vegetable (g) | 150.7 ± 117.7 | 151.3 ± 110.9 | 158.9 ± 109.0 | 160.8 ± 109.4 | 181.0 ± 139.6 | <0.0001 |
| Fruit (g) | 197.9 ± 184.1 | 202.8 ± 180.9 | 210.3 ± 171.1 | 219.5 ± 169.9 | 223.7 ± 190.7 | <0.0001 |
| Meat (g) | 30.2 ± 30.2 | 33.5 ± 29.3 | 33.0 ± 28.7 | 30.4 ± 27.2 | 26.0 ± 24.5 | <0.0001 |
* Values are means ± SD or n (%); nutrient intake values were energy adjusted using the residual method. † p values for differences between quintiles were calculated by chi-square tests for categorical variables and general linear regression for continuous variables. BMI: Body Mass Index.