Table 2.
Odd ratios (OR) * and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of metabolic syndrome and components according to milk consumption; Ref. (Reference).
| Metabolic Syndrome and Components | Milk Consumption | p-Trend † | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non or Rarely | ≤2/Week | 3–6/Week | ≥1/Day | |||
| Men (N = 43,682) | 18,972 | 11,588 | 5936 | 7186 | ||
| MetS ‡ | 5715 (30.1) § | 3345 (28.9) | 1671 (28.2) | 1970 (27.4) | ||
| Ref. | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 0.0160 | ||
| WC ≥ 90 cm | 5607 (29.6) | 3453 (29.8) | 1703 (28.7) | 2005 (27.9) | ||
| Ref. | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.9 (0.82–0.98) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.0098 | ||
| Serum TG ≥ 150 mg/dL | 7765 (40.9) | 4555 (39.3) | 2241 (37.8) | 2586 (36.0) | ||
| Ref. | 0.91 (0.87–0.96) | 0.87 (0.82–0.93) | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | <0.0001 | ||
| Serum HDL-C ≤ 40 mg/dL | 4622 (24.4) | 2676 (23.1) | 1279 (21.5) | 1492 (20.8) | ||
| Ref. | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | <0.0001 | ||
| BP ≥ 130/85 mmHg | 10,192 (53.7) | 5959 (51.4) | 3060 (51.5) | 3776 (52.5) | ||
| Ref. | 0.94 (0.89–0.98) | 0.94 (0.89–1.00) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.7007 | ||
| FB ≥ 100 mg/dL | 6604 (34.8) | 3946 (34.1) | 2040 (34.4) | 2559 (35.6) | ||
| Ref. | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 0.0500 | ||
| Non or Rarely | ≤2/Week | 3–6/Week | 1/Day | ≥2/Day | ||
| Women (N = 86,738) | 30,025 | 21,970 | 14,529 | 17,608 | 2606 | |
| MetS | 7053 (23.5) | 6368 (29.0) | 3203 (22.0) | 4212 (23.9) | 502 (19.3) | |
| Ref. | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | 0.86 (0.82–0.91) | 0.85 (0.81–0.90) | 0.68 (0.60–0.76) | <0.0001 | |
| WC ≥ 80 cm | 13,168 (43.9) | 8964 (40.8) | 5635 (38.8) | 7259 (41.2) | 979 (37.6) | |
| Ref. | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.79 (0.71–0.89) | 0.0126 | |
| Serum TG ≥ 150 mg/dL | 7579 (25.2) | 4858 (22.1) | 3051 (21.0) | 3899 (22.1) | 508 (19.5) | |
| Ref. | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | 0.87 (0.83–0.92) | 0.86 (0.82–0.90) | 0.76 (0.69–0.85) | <0.0001 | |
| Serum HDL-C ≤ 50 mg/dL | 11,976 (39.9) | 7667 (34.9) | 4765 (32.8) | 5884 (33.4) | 724 (27.8) | |
| Ref. | 0.87 (0.84–0.91) | 0.81 (0.77–0.84) | 0.78 (0.75–0.81) | 0.61 (0.56–0.67) | <0.0001 | |
| BP ≥ 130/85 mmHg | 11,912 (39.7) | 7702 (35.1) | 5104 (35.1) | 6677 (37.9) | 893 (34.3) | |
| Ref. | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 0.3906 | |
| FB ≥ 100 mg/dL | 6139 (20.4) | 4035 (18.4) | 2689 (18.5) | 3614 (20.5) | 495 (19.0) | |
| Ref. | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) | 0.0021 | |
* Adjusted for age (40–49, 50–59, and 60–69), BMI (continuous; not adjusted for WC OR), recruitment site, education (≤elementary school, middle school, high school, ≥college, and unknown), smoking (never, past, current, and unknown), alcohol drinking (non, current, and unknown), regular exercisers (yes, no, and unknown), and total energy intake (quartiles). † Linear trends across categories of milk consumption were tested using the median consumption value for each category as a continuous variable. ‡ MetS: the presence of three or more of the following components: (1) waist circumference (WC) ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women; (2) high triglyceride (TG) level ≥ 150 mg/dL; (3) low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women or taking anticholesterol medication; (4) high blood pressure (BP) ≥ 130/85 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medicine; and (5) high fasting glucose (FB) level ≥ 100 mg/dL or taking medication to treat diabetes mellitus. § The number of cases (percentage).